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BIOM3200 > Male Reproductive System > Flashcards

Male Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

The hypothalamus releases GnHR, activating the anterior pituitary. The anterior pituitary then releases FSH and LH. This effects the testes, specifically the _________ and the __________.

A

Seminiferous tubules and Interstitial (Leydig) cells.

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2
Q

The seminiferous cells are responsible for secreting ______. What does this trigger the formation of?

A

Responsible for secreting inhibin. This triggers the formation of Sertoli cells and sperm development.

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3
Q

The interstitial (Leydig) cells are responsible for secreting _____. What does this trigger the formation of?

A

Responsible for secreting testosterone. This triggers the formation of leydig cells and testosterone.

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4
Q

What are the male reproductive stem cells called?

A

Spermatogonia

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5
Q

Where are spermatogonia located?

A

At the outermost region of the seminiferous tubules, right against the basement membrane.

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6
Q

The seminiferous tubules contain _______, where developing sperm can be found.

A

Sertoli cells

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7
Q

As spermatogonia develop into spermatozoa, they move towards the lumen of the ________.

A

Seminiferous tubules

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8
Q

Spermatogonia are ______ stem cells that give rise to another daughter cell.

A

Diploid

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9
Q

Spermatogonia stem cell daughter cells after mitosis remain where?

A

At the basement membrane as stem cells.

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10
Q

Spermatogonia mature into primary _______ before the first meiotic division.

A

Spermatocytes

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11
Q

Secondary daughter cells of spermatogonia are called _______.

A

Primary spermatocytes

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12
Q

Where do the primary spermatocytes move before the first meiotic division?

A

The tubule lumen.

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13
Q

Primary spermatocyte undergo 2 meiotic divisions to form four ____ spermatids.

A

Haploid

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14
Q

In the first meiotic division, spermatocytes divide into ____ homologous daughter cells. They are referred to as secondary spermatocytes and are haploid (contain 23 pairs of chromosomes each). In the second meiotic division, the cells duplicate and the chromatids are separated into ______ daughter cells.

A

Two, four

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15
Q

Only approximately _______ stem cells migrate to the embryonic testes, so to produce sperm throughout the adult life in the meiosis step is crucial.

A

1000-2000

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16
Q

The median ejaculation in the 50th percentile contains approximately ____ million sperm in about 1.5-5.0 mLs of fluid.

A

255 million

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17
Q

Less than 20 million/ml sperm cells in ejaculation is referred to as _______, which results in decreased fertility.

A

Oligospermia

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18
Q

Sertoli cells help seminiferous tubules as an immunologically privileged site in two ways. Describe them.

A
  1. Blood-testis barrier (tight junctions, basement membrane).
  2. Sertoli cells produce FAS-receptors on the T-cells triggering apoptosis of the T-cells and preventing immune attack on developing sperm.
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19
Q

Once ejaculation has occurred, sperm has a limited life span of approximately _______ hours.

A

80 hours

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20
Q

___________ helps in maintaining metabolic requirements of spermatozoa.

A

Cervical mucus

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21
Q

When migrating to the genital tract, spermatozoa are rapidly separated from the ______ and resuspended in the female genital fluid.

A

Seminal plasma

22
Q

Spermatozoa undergo “______________” during their passage through the reproductive tract.

A

Capacitation

23
Q

Most spermatozoa are eliminated at the selective barriers: _______ and _________

A

Cervix and uterotubal junction

24
Q

How are the majority of sperm removed?

A

Phagocytosis

25
Q

How are damaged or immotile spermatozoa carried back to the cervix?

A

By ciliated cells.

26
Q

Describe capacitation.

A

The process of physiological changes occurring in mammalian spermatozoa during passage through the female reproductive tract that enables them to penetrate the egg membrane.

27
Q

Capacitation is defined as the alteration of the ________ surface of spermatozoa under the influence of secretion of the tissues of the female reproductive tract.

A

Glycoprotein

28
Q

Do non-mammalian spermatozoa require capacitation before entering the female reproductive tract?

A

No.

29
Q

In the epididymal phase, the surface of the spermatozoa contain _____________.

A

Proteins and carbohydrates

30
Q

When seminal plasma is added to epididymal spermatozoa and ejaculated, they are coated with ___________.

A

Seminal plasma proteins.

31
Q

Once the sperms are exposed to the female tract environment, the surface protiens are removed during capacitation, exposing the molecules so that they can bind to the ________ of the oocyte.

A

Zona pellucida

32
Q

Review slide 20 - The diagram of the sperm and the fertilization.

A

Head (acrosomal cap, nucleus) - Middle mitochondria-

33
Q

Are women absolutely required for sperm? Who was the first women to give birth to a child of her own?

A

Louise Brown - First test tube baby in the world gave birth to a boy named Cameron, who was naturally conceived without IVF.

34
Q

Describe the stop of in-vitro fertilization and artificial insemination in four steps.

A
  1. Retrieval of oocytes
  2. Fertilization (In Vitro)
  3. Culture 5-7 days
  4. Blastocyst transfer to recipient
35
Q

Pfizer created Viagra (Sildenafil). It was initially used for angina (chest pain). After patients reported erection as a side effect, Pfizer began testing the compound for ________________.

A

Erectile dysfunction

36
Q

Viagra acts on the penis. Review slide 26 and 40 for the diagrams of the penis.

A
  • Bladder
  • Prostate
  • Scrotum
  • Corpus cavernose
  • Corpus spongiosa (Surrounds urethra, keeps it from closing during ejaculation)
  • Dorsal vein
  • Deep dorsal vein
  • Dorsal artery
  • Corpora cavernose
  • Urethra
  • Corpus spongoism
37
Q

Erection is a largely hemodynamic event. What does this mean.

A

The heart and blood are involved. This is an event that also includes blood pressure and is non-voluntary.

38
Q

Parasympathetic nerve induced _______ of the arterioles allows blood flow into the corpora cavernous.

A

Vasodilation

39
Q

Which tissues in the penis compress during ejaculation?

A

Corpus-cavernosum

40
Q

What is the neurotransmitter that mediates ejaculation?

A

Nitric oxide

41
Q

During erection, the arterioles ______, bringing blood into the cavernosa.

A

Vasodilate

42
Q

During erection, the veins _____, and mediate less blood outflow.

A

Contracts

43
Q

During erection, there is increased _________ pressure.

A

Intracavernosal

44
Q

The role of nitric oxide in erection of the penis: Erection is achieved by _________ nerve-induced vasodilation of the arterioles that allows blood flow into the corpus cavernosa of the penis.

A

Parasympathetic (involuntary)

45
Q

How do the arterioles vasodialte?

A

By smooth muscles relaxing. The nitrous oxide acts here.

46
Q

What is the role of nitric oxide in erection of the penis? Describe the three main steps.

A
  1. Nitric oxide acts on the vascular smooth muscle cells activating GTP (guanylate cyclase), producing cGMP. GTP–> cGMP
  2. cGMP causes Ca2+ channels in the VSMC to close. ( -cytoplasmic [Ca2+] decrease)
  3. VSMC relaxes, causing vasodilation of the penis and engorgement of the erectile tissue, promoting erection.

Nitric oxide released from the parasympathetic axon –> Activates guanylate cyclase –> cGMP causes Ca2+ channels to close –> Less cytoplasmic Ca2+ –> Smooth muscle relaxes –> Engormgement of erectile tissue –> Erection

47
Q

Viagra inhibits ______.

A

PDE

48
Q

Describe the mechanism that viagra uses to inhibit PDE and the way this promotors erection.

A
  1. Viagra inhibits the phosphodiesterase that catalyzes the breakdown of cGMP (no cGMP breakdown means that more to right to doing their job of closing Ca2+ channels).
  2. This increases the availability of cGMP.
  3. Promotes erection.
49
Q

Viagra can also be used to cure ________.

A

Jetlag

50
Q

How does viagra improve jet lag symptoms?

A

By elevating cGMP levels, these levels temporarily “speed up” the internal clock in the brain.

BIOM3200 (5 decks)

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