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ANAT 1111 > MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM > Flashcards

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

define sexual reproduction?

A

process by which organisms produce offspring through production of germ cells called gametes

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2
Q

how many chromosomes do oocytes and sperm have?

A

half the number of chromosomes, 23 chromosomes each which combine to make a zygote containing 46 chromosomes

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3
Q

how are gamete’s produced?

A

by meiosis in specialised organs called gonads

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4
Q

name the 7 parts of the male reproductive system?

A
  • penis
  • scrotum
  • testes
  • epididymis
  • vas deferens
  • prostate gland
  • seminal vesicles
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5
Q

list the 3 external organs of the male reproductive system?

A
  • penis
  • scrotum
  • testicles
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6
Q

list the 3 internal organs of the male reproductive system?

A
  • vas deferens
  • prostate
  • urethra
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7
Q

name and describe 4 primary functions of the male reproductive system?

A
  • produce, maintain and nourish sperm and protective fluid (semen)
  • ducts transport, store and assist in growth and development (maturation) of sperm
  • discharge sperm, via the urethra, within the female reproductive tract
  • produce and secrete male sex hormones
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8
Q

list 7 functions of testosterone?

A
  • regulates sex drive (libido)
  • regulates bone mass
  • fat distribution
  • muscle mass and strength
  • production of red blood cells
  • production of sperm
  • small amount converted to oestradiol (form of oestrogen)
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9
Q

describe the structure of the scrotum?

A
  • sac of skim and superficial connective tissue, hangs outside the pelvic cavity
  • covered sparsely with hair, contains testes divided centrally by septum
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10
Q

explain why the scrotum are outside of the body?

A

the core body temperature (37°) is too warm to produce viable sperm, where outside the body is approximately 3° lower, an essential adaptation.

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11
Q

explain how the scrotum are affected by cold temperatures?

A

-the testes are pulled closer to the body
-scrotal skin wrinkles to reduce surface area and increase thickness
=less heat loss

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12
Q

describe the structure and function of the testes?

A
  • oval shaped organs contained in a sac of skin called the scrotum
  • approximately 4cm long and 2.5cm wide
  • produces sperm and androgens such as testosterone
  • covered by a fibrous capsule known as the tunica albuginea
  • divided by partitions of fibrous tissue into 200-400 wedge shaped sections or lobes
  • each lobe contains 3-10 coiled tubes known as seminiferous tubules which produce sperm
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13
Q

describe the blood supply to the testes?

A
  • arterial supply from testicular arteries branching from the abdominal aorta
  • testicular veins absorb heat from warmer arterial blood, helping keep testes at homeostatic pressure
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14
Q

describe what happens when the testes are hit forcefully?

A
  • testes innervated by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
  • when hit forcefully, sensory nerves transmit impulses that result in agonising pain and nausea
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15
Q

describe the role of the epididymis?

A

-the place where the sperm matures since it isn’t mature when it leaves the testes

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16
Q

describe the route of sperm after leaving the testes?

A

-immature (almost non motile) sperm moves slowly along the epididymis
—through fluid containing anti microbial proteins such as defensins
-as they move through over 20 days, sperm gain the ability to swim
-sperm can be held here for several months, if held longer destroyed by phagocytosis
-sperm is ejaculated from epididymis into the ductus deferens

17
Q

describe the movement of sperm through the ductus deferens (vas deferens)?

A
  • transport sperm during ejaculation to form ejaculatory duct
  • after entering prostate gland, each ejaculatory duct empties into the urethra
  • strong peristaltic waves squeeze the sperm forward into the urethra
18
Q

what is a vasectomy?

A

-small incision through the scrotum, tied off/ burnt (cauterises) ductus deferens
—sperm still produced but can it reach the body exterior and eventually deteriorate and are phagocytosed

19
Q

the penis is a copulatory organ, what does this mean?

A

it delivers sperm into the female reproductive tract

20
Q

describe the structure of the penis?

A
  • attached root and a free body
  • ending in enlarged tip- gland penis
  • covered in loose skin to form cuff, prepuce or foreskin
21
Q

what happens during an erection?

A
  • the penis enlarges and stiffens due to the engorgement of blood
  • when not aroused, arteriolar are constricted do penis is flaccid
22
Q

what is spermatogenesis?

A

-the sequence of events leading to the formation of sperm
-occurs in seminiferous tubules and is the indication of sexual maturity
—begins in puberty at around 14 years
-every 24 hours produces roughly 90 million sperm

23
Q

describe the structure of the prostate gland?

A
  • a single doughnut shaped gland about the size of a peach stone
  • it encircles the urethra, just inferior to the bladder
24
Q

explain what happens to the prostate gland during ejaculation?

A
  • the smooth muscle of the prostate contracts, squeezing the secretions into the urethra
  • prostatic fluid plays a part in activating sperm and accounts for up to 1/3 of semen volume
25
Q

what is prostate cancer?

A

-the third most common cancer in men
-mostly slow developing and growing later in life so most will die with it rather than due to it
—found in routine rectal examination
—blood test - PSA (prostate specific antigen)

26
Q

describe semen?

A

a milky white, sticky mixture of accessory gland secretions (transport + nutrients) and sperm

27
Q

name and describe the 5 substances contained in semen?

A
  • prostaglandins = decrease viscosity of mucus guarding the females cervix, reverse peristalsis in uterus- eases sperm movement
  • relaxin (hormone) = enhances sperm motility
  • ATP = provide energy
  • antibiotic chemicals = destroy bacteria
  • substances to suppress immune response in female reproductive tract
  • clotting factors = make sperm stick to walls of vagina then sperm begin to swim
28
Q

why is sperm alkaline?

A
  • has a pH of 7.2 to 8.0

- neutralises the acidic female environment since sperm is sluggish in acidic environments

29
Q

what is the makeup in each ejaculation?

A
  • 2.5ml semen
  • 10% sperm
  • 20 to 150 million sperm per ml

ANAT 1111 (9 decks)

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