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a11. Reproductive (Physiology) > Male Reproductive Physiology > Flashcards

Male Reproductive Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Why do the testes sit within the scrotum?

A

Testicular temperature has to be below body temperature to facilitate sperm production

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2
Q

What is the site of sperm production?

A

Testes

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3
Q

Where is sperm stored after it is produced in the testes?

A

Epididymis

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4
Q

What connects the epididymis to the seminal vesicles?

A

Vas deferens

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5
Q

What is 1?

A

Epididymis: stores sperm, site of sperm maturation

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6
Q

What is 2?

A

Prostate gland

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7
Q

What is 3?

A

Penis

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8
Q

What is 4?

A

Penile urethra

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9
Q

What is 5?

A

Testis

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10
Q

What is 6?

A

Scrotum

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11
Q

What is the site of sperm production?

A

Seminiferous tubules

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12
Q

What types of cells are found within the seminiferous tubules?

A
  • Germ cells
  • Sertoli/sustentacular cells
  • Interstitial (Leydig) cells
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13
Q

What do germ cells produce?

A

Sperm

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14
Q

What do Sertoli cells produce?

A
  • Support sperm producing cell
  • Produce inhibin
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15
Q

What do interstitial (Leydig) cells produce?

A

Testosterone

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16
Q

What is a?

A

Interstitial (Leydig) cell

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17
Q

What is b?

A

Basement membrane

18
Q

What is c?

A

Sertoli cells

19
Q

What is d?

A

Spermatogonia

20
Q

What is e?

A

Primary and secondary spermatocytes

21
Q

What is f?

A

Spermatids

22
Q

What is g?

A

Sperm cells

23
Q

What are the main functions of the testes?

A
  • Sperm production
  • Testosterone production
24
Q

What hormones are important for testicular function? Where are they released from?

A
  • GnRH: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (hypothalamus)
  • Gonadotropins: FSH, LH (anterior pituitary)
  • Testosterone (testicles)
25
Q

What effect does inhibin have on the anterior pituitary in males?

A

Inhibits anterior pituitary

26
Q

What effect does testosterone have on the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus in males?

A

Inhibition

27
Q

Draw the positive and negative feedback loops for the hormones that act on the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis

A
28
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

Sperm production from primordial germ cells

29
Q

How long is the average cycle of spermatogenesis?

A

64 days

30
Q

What are the 2 phases of spermatogenesis?

A
  1. Spermatocytogenesis: clonal expansion and maturation through the mitotic and meiotic process
  2. Spermiogenesis: Differentiation into mature sperm cells
31
Q

When does spermatogenesis start, and how long does it last?

A
  • Starts at puberty
  • Continues lifelong
32
Q

What effect do pituitary hormones have on sperm production?

A

Positive feedback loop

33
Q

What effect do testes hormones have on sperm production?

A

Negative feedback loop

34
Q

Describe the process of spermatogenesis

A
35
Q

Describe the chromosomal division during spermatogenesis

A
  • 1 mitotic division (Spermatogonium → 1ry spermatocyte) - duplication (2n)
  • 1st meiotic division (1ry spermatocyte → 2ry spermatocyte) - 2 haploids (1n)
  • 2nd meotic division (2ry spermatocyte → spermatid)- 2 cells with (1n)
36
Q

What is spermiogenesis?

A

Maturation of spermatids into functional sperm cells

37
Q

What factors affect spermatogenesis and subsequent infertility?

A
  • Medical
  • Lifestyle
  • Combination of both
38
Q

What are the medical factors that can affect spermatogenesis?

A
  • Pretesticular: hormone control problem
    • Functional: excess weight gain/loss
    • Intracranial tumours/cyst/bleed
    • Prolactinoma
    • Meications: opiates/external testosterone/steroids
    • Genetic: Kallmann’s syndrome
  • Testicular: problem at the site of production
    • Surgery: orchidectomy, orchidopexy
    • STI
    • Mumps orchitis
    • Testicular trauma/tortion
    • RTx, CTx
    • Genetic: Kleinfelter’s (46XXY), Y-chromosome microdeletion
39
Q

What lifestyle factors can affect spermatogenesis?

A
  • Smoking
  • Obesity
  • Occupational/chemical exposures
40
Q

What improvements in lifestyle factors can help improve spermatogenesis?

A
  • Normal BMI, healthy diet and exercise
  • Smoking cessation
  • Limited alcohol consumption
  • Occupational exposure adjustments
  • Optimise underlying medical conditions
  • Cease medications
  • Reduce STI risk
  • Fertility prevention: sperm freezing prior to surgery/cancer treatment
41
Q

What are important things to ask that relate to male fertility during history taking?

A

a11. Reproductive (Physiology) (4 decks)

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