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BGDA Lectures > Male Reproductive Anatomy - BGDA > Flashcards

Male Reproductive Anatomy - BGDA Flashcards

1
Q

Where do the testes initially develop?

A

High in the abdominal cavity near the kidneys

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2
Q

What is the gubernaculum?

A

A process that the testes follow as they descend
- bring with them part of the aponeuroses and fascia of the abdominal muscles

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3
Q

What are the surfaces of the testes?

A

Superior and inferior end, medial and lateral surface, and posterior and anterior margin

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4
Q

Where are the testes and epidydmis located?

A

Within the scrotum. Supported by the spermatic cord and the smooth dartos muscle of the scrotum

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5
Q

What covers the posterior margin of the testes?

A

Epididymis and lower part of spermatic cord

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6
Q

What is the tunica albuginea?

A

Fibrous outer covering of the testes that sends septa into the testes and divides it into lobules

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7
Q

What do the lobules do in testes?

A

Converge to form the mediastinum tests, which is a fibrous tissue continuous with the tunica albuginea

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8
Q

What is contained within each lobule?

A

1-4 seminiferous tubules which converge to straight tubules as they approach the mediastinum

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9
Q

What is rete testis?

A

This is a convoluted network formed by the straight tubules in the mediastinum. From the rete testis, efferent ductules project to the head of the epididymis

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10
Q

What is the tunica vaginalis?

A
  • Closed sac
  • remnant of the foetal processus vaginalis
  • has both visceral and parietal layers
  • fluid filled space between them is the sac of the tunica vaginalis
  • visceral layer covers the tunica albuginea + parts of the epididymis
  • parietal layer lines the internal spermatic fascia
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11
Q

What is the scrotum?

A

A cutaneous, fibromuscular sac containing the testes, epididymis and lower parts of the spermatic cord

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12
Q

What divides the scrotum into two halves?

A

Scrotal raphe

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13
Q

What is the skin of the scrotum like?

A

Thin and pigmented and overlies the dartos muscle, which sends a septum between the testes.

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14
Q

What are the layers deep to the dartos muscle?

A

External spermatic fascia, cremasteric fascia and internal spermatic fascia.

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15
Q

What is the cremasteric muscle?

A

Longitudinal muscle associated with the cremasteric fascia - it is involved in thermoregulation of the testes as they need to be kept cooler than the body.

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16
Q

What is the spermatic cord?

A

Conduit between testes and abdominal cavity
- contains vessels - testicular, cremasteric arteries and the artery of ductus deferens, testicular vein: pampiniform venous plexus and lymph vessels
- nerves - genital branch of genitofemoral nerve and its cremasteric nerve branch - supplies the cremaster muscle, testicular sympathetic and ductus deferens autonomic plexuses

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17
Q

What is the inguinal canal?

A

A passage through the abominal wall containing deep and superficial inguinal rings

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18
Q

What passes through the inguinal canal?

A

Ductus deferens, testicular and other small arteries, testicular veins (pampiniform plexuses), testicular lymph vessels and somatic and autonomic nerves

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19
Q

Where is the deep inguinal ring?

A

In the midinguinal point - halfway between the ASIS and the midline of the body

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20
Q

Where is the superficial inguinal ring?

A

1cm superior and 1cm lateral to the pubic tubercle.

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21
Q

What is the ductus deferens?

A

A continuation of the tail of the epididymis
- starts off torturous and becomes straighter

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22
Q

What is the course of the ductus deferens?

A

Goes through the inguinal canal, over the lateral pelvic wall, crosses the ureter and passes between the posterior surface of the bladder and the upper pole of the seminal vesicle.

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23
Q

What happens at the ampulla of the ductus deferens?

A

Sperm can collect here prior to ejaculation

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24
Q

How does the ductus deferens form the ejaculatory ducts?

A

By entering the prostate and joining with the duct of the seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory ducts.

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25
Q

What are the ejaculatory ducts?

A

Short and open into the prostatic urethra on the colliculus seminalis of the urethra crest

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26
Q

What are the seminal vesicles?

A

Coiled tubular glands that produce fructose, fibrinogen and prostaglandins.
- do not store sperm
- lie lateral to the ampulla of the ductus deferens, posterior to the base of the urinary bladder and anterior to the rectum

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27
Q

What is the prostate?

A

A gland which surrounds the neck of the urinary bladder and upper urethra
- produces an alkaline solution

28
Q

What is the structure of the prostate?

A

2 lateral lobes, a median lobe, posterior lobe and anterior segment

29
Q

What are bulbourethral glands?

A

Two pea-shaped glands enclosed by fibres of the sphincter urethrae
- lie lateral to the membranous urethra
- opens on the intrabulbar fossa of the spongy urethra

30
Q

What are key features of the penis?

A
  • two crura covered by ischiocavernosus muscle
  • bulb of penis lies between crura and covered by bulbospongiosus - spongy urethra passes through the bulb
  • body of penis supported by two ligaments - fundiform and suspensory
31
Q

Outline the corpora cavernosa

A
  • continuous with the crura and enclosed in a fibrous tunica albuginea
  • interior composed of numerous trabeculae arising from the fibrous sheaths of the corpora cavernosa
  • between trabeculae are penile cavernous spaces or sinuses which fill with blood during erection
32
Q

Where does blood enter the penis during an erection?

A

Central and helical arteries and leaves via peripheral veins

33
Q

What is the corpus spongiosum?

A

Continuous with the bulb of the penis
- expands distally as the glans penis which has a ride known as the corona glandis

34
Q

What is the glans of the corpus spongiosum covered by?

A

Prepuce and a frenulum

35
Q

What lies on the corona glandis and penile neck?

A

Small preputial glands which secrete smegma

36
Q

What is the physiological pathway of an erection?

A

Parasympathetic stimulation –> vasodilation of penile arteries –> inrush of blood into cavernous sinuses –> increase in intracavernous pressure –> compression of peripheral veins –> decrease in venous outflow –> increase in intracavernous pressure

37
Q

What is the path of the testicular arteries?

A

Arise from the abdominal aorta just below renal arteries –> run through inguinal canal along spermatic cord

38
Q

What do the testicular arteries supply?

A

Testes, cremaster muscles, iliac lymph nodes and other structures

39
Q

What is the path of the inferior epigastric artery?

A

Forms the lateral umbilical fold, divides into numerous branches that anastomose with the superior epigastric and posterior intercostal arteries

40
Q

What does the inferior epigastric artery supply?

A

Anterolateral abdominal wall muscles and parietal peritoneum

41
Q

What does the inferior epigastric artery give rise to?

A

Cremasteric artery which supplies the cremasteric muscle and the scrotum.

42
Q

How is the femoral artery formed?

A

External iliac artery passes under the inguinal ligament to become the femoral artery.

43
Q

What does the femoral artery give rise to?

A

The external pudendal artery which supplies the scrotum.

44
Q

Outline the superior vesicle arteries.

A

Several branches arising from the foetal umbilical artery
- supply the ureters and urinary bladder
- give rise to the arteries of the ductus deferens

45
Q

Outline the inferior vesicle artery.

A

Arises from the internal iliac artery
- supplies the seminal vesicles, prostate gland and ejaculatory ducts (also ureters and urinary bladder)

46
Q

Outline the middle rectal artery.

A

Arises from the internal iliac and supplies the seminal vesicles, prostate and rectum

47
Q

What is the path of the internal pudendal artery?

A

Leaves the pelvis between the piriformis and coccygeus muscles to enter the pudendal canal.

48
Q

What are the brances of the internal pudendal artery?

A

1) Muscular branches - supplies muscles of the pelvic diaphragm
2) Inferior rectal artery - supplies ischiorectal fossa and anal canal
3) Perineal artery - supplies muscles of the urogenital diaphragm
4) Urethral artery - supplies the urethra
5) Scrotal branches - supplies the scrotum
6) Artery of the bulb of the penis
7) Deep artery of the penis - supplies the sinuses of the penile crura and cavernosa via central and helical branches
8) Dorsal arteries of the penis - supplies the glans penis and the glans clitoris in females

49
Q

What do the testicular veins do?

A

Drain the testes and epididymis - unite to form the pampiniform plexus that ascends along the testicular artery

50
Q

Where do the testicular veins drain into?

A

R - IVC
L - renal veins

51
Q

What are the key branches of the external iliac vein?

A

Inferior epigastric vein and femoral veins (external pudendal vein and superficial dorsal vein of the penis)

52
Q

What does the inferior epigastric vein drain?

A

Lower anterolateral abdominal wall, peritoneum, spermatic cord and scrotum

53
Q

What does the femoral vein receive?

A

Tributaries from the lower limb and lower abdominal wall
- also receives:
- external pudendal vein - draining the scrotum in males
- superficial dorsal vein of the penis - drains the penis into the great saphenous vein, and then into the femoral vein

54
Q

Describe the lumbar ventral rami and plexus

A

Lumbar plexus arises from L2-4. L4-5 contribute to the sacral plexus via the lumbosacral trunk

55
Q

What does the ilioinguinal nerve do?

A

Arises from L1 ventral ramus through the inguinal canal
- transmits sensory information from the scrotum and root of penis

56
Q

What does the genitofemoral nerve do?

A

Arises from L1-2 ventral rami
- transmits sensory information from the scrotum via its genital branch

57
Q

What is the sacral ventral rami and plexus?

A

Ventral rami of sacral spinal nerves join with lumbosacral trunk to form sacral plexus
- greater sciatic nerve arises from this

58
Q

What does the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve do?

A

Arises from S1-3 ventral rami
- transmits sensory information from the scrotum via its perineal branch

59
Q

Where does the pudendal nerve arise from?

A

S2-4 ventral rami

60
Q

What does the dorsal nerve of the penis do?

A

Transmit sensory information from the corpora cavernosa, corpus spongiosum and glans penis

61
Q

What does the perineal nerve do?

A

Sensory information from scrotum, spongy urethra
- motor signal to the muscles of the pelvic and urogenital diaphragms

62
Q

What does the inferior rectal nerve do?

A

Sensory information from anal canal
- motor signals to the external anal sphincter

63
Q

What are the main lymph nodes concerning the male reproductive system?

A

Lumbar lymph nodes, common iliac nodes, external iliac nodes and internal iliac and sacral nodes

64
Q

What do the lumbar lymph nodes do?

A

Drain the testes, suprarenal glands, kidneys, abdominal ureter and posterior abdominal wall.

65
Q

What do the common iliac nodes do?

A

Drain the rectum, external and internal iliac and sacral nodes

66
Q

What do the external iliac nodes do?

A

Drain the prostate, seminal vesicles. Drain the scrotum and penis via the superficial and deep inguinal nodes

67
Q

What do the internal iliac and sacral nodes do?

A

Drain the prostate and seminal vesicles as well as the scrotum and anal canal.

BGDA Lectures (38 decks)

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