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class 21025 unit 11 gu > MALE REPRODUCTIVE > Flashcards

MALE REPRODUCTIVE Flashcards

1
Q

Organs of the male reproductive system**

A

(1) Testes; a system of ducts (epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory ducts, and urethra)
(2) Accessory sex glands (seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands)
(3) And several supporting structures, including the scrotum and penis

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2
Q

Accessory sex glands of the male reproductive system**

A

(seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands

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3
Q

Definition:

paired oval glands that develop on the produce sperm and secrete hormones. **

A

testes

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4
Q

Semen contains**

A

sperm plus the secretions provided by the accessory sex glands.

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5
Q

Definition:

a pouch that supports the testes; it consists of loose skin, superficial fascia, and smooth muscle.

A

scrotum

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6
Q

The production and survival of sperm is optimal at a temperature**

A

2-3° C below normal body temperature

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7
Q

Definition:

Dense White Fibrous Capsule that extends inward and divides each testis into internal compartments.

A

Lobules

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8
Q

Definition:

Produce sperm by a process called spermatogenesis. Lined with spermatogenic cells

A

Seminiferous tubules

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9
Q

Definition:
Located between the developing sperm cells in the seminiferous tubules, support, protect, and nourish spermatogenic cells; phagocytize degenerating spermatogenic cells; secrete fluid for sperm transport; and release of the hormone inhibin, which regulate sperm production

A

Sertoli Cells

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10
Q

Definition:
These clusters are located between the seminiferous tubules.
These cells secrete the hormone testosterone. **

A

Leydig cells

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11
Q

Definition:

Hormone that promotes the development of masculine characteristics.

A

Androgen

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12
Q

Definition:

Promotes a man’s libido (sex drive).

A

Testosterone

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13
Q

Definition:

The process by which the seminiferous tubules of the testes produce sperm**

A

Spermatogenesis

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14
Q

Spermatogenesis Consists of three stages

A

meiosis I, meiosis II, and spermiogenesis.

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15
Q

Definition:

somatic cells containing two sets of chromosomes.

A

Diploid cells

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16
Q

Definition:

In sexual reproduction, an organism results from

A

the fusion of two different gametes, one from each parent.

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17
Q

Stages of Spermatogenesis.

A

Spermatogenesis begins during puberty and continues throughout life. The time from on-set of cell division in a spermatogonium until sperm are re-leased into the lumen of a seminiferous tubule is 65 to 75 days

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18
Q

Spermatogonia contain the diploid number of chromosomes

A

46

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19
Q

primary spermatocytes are diploid or haploid

A

diploid

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20
Q

Is there further replication of DNA In meiosis II?

A

no

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21
Q

In summary**

A

(a) Meiosis I begins with a diploid starting cell, and ends with two cells with haploid number of chromosomes.
(b) During meiosis II, each of the two haploid cells formed during meiosis I divides.
(c) The net result is four haploid gametes that are genetically different from the original haploid starting cell.**
(d) The haploid cells formed during meiosis II are called spermatids.
(e) Spermiogenesis- in the final states of spermatogenesis, called spermiogenesis, each haploid spermatid develops into a single sperm cell **.

22
Q

Sperm are produced at the rate of about

A

300 million per day.

23
Q

Once ejaculated, most do not survive more than

A

48 hours in the female reproductive tract

24
Q

The major parts of a sperm cell are the

A

head and the tail

25
Q

in the final states of spermatogenesis, each

haploid spermatid develops into a single sperm cell. **

A

Spermiogenesis,

26
Q

contains the nuclear material (DNA) and an acrosome, a vesicle containing enzymes that aid penetration by the sperm cell into a secondary oocyte **

A

The head

27
Q

The tail of a sperm cell is subdivided into four parts:

A

neck, middle piece, principal

piece, and end piece.

28
Q

the constricted region just behind the head.

A

neck

29
Q

contains mitochondria that provide ATP for locomotion.**

A

The middle piece

30
Q

the longest portion of the tail and the end piece is the

terminal, tapering portion of the tail

A

The principal piece

31
Q

a comma-shaped organ that lies along the posterior border of the testis
-Each epididymis consists mostly of the tightly coiled ductus epididymis

A

epididymis

32
Q

the site of sperm maturation-the process by
which sperm acquire motility and the ability to fertilize a secondary oocyte.
- also stores sperm and helps propel them during sexual arousal
by peristaltic contraction of its smooth muscle into the ductus vas deferens
-Sperm may remain in storage in the ductus epididymis for several months**

A

ductus epididymis

33
Q

-along the posterior border of the epididymis and
penetrates the inguinal canal, a passageway in the front abdominal wall.

(b) It enters the pelvic cavity, where it loops over the side and down the posterior surface of the urinary bladder.
(c) has a heavy coat of three layers of muscle.
(d) Functionally, this structure stores sperm, which can remain viable here for up to several months.**
(e) also conveys sperm from the epididymis toward the urethra during sexual arousal by peristaltic contractions of the muscular coat.
(f) Spermatic cord is a supporting structure of the male reproductive system.

A

ductus deferens or vas deferens

34
Q

formed by the union of the duct from the ductus deferens and the seminal vesicles.
(a) This short structure carries sperm into the urethra

A

Ejaculatory Ducts`

35
Q

(1) this structure serves as a passageway for both sperm and urine.
(2) passes through the prostate, deep perineal muscles and penis.
(3) The opening of this structure called external urethral orifice

A

Urethra

36
Q

(1) pouch-like structures, lying posterior to the base of the urinary bladder and anterior to the rectum.
(a) This structure secretes an alkaline, viscous fluid that contains fructose, prostaglandins, and clotting proteins that helps neutralize the acidic environment of the male urethra and female reproductive tract that otherwise would inactivate and kill sperm.

A

Seminal vesicles

37
Q

(1) a single, doughnut-shaped gland about the size of a golf ball.
(a) It is inferior to the urinary bladder and surrounds the upper portion of the urethra. This structure increases in size from birth to puberty, and then it expands rapidly.
(b) The size attained by age 30 remains stable until about age 45, when further enlargement may occur.

A

prostate

38
Q

about the size of peas.

(b) They are located inferior to the prostate on either side of the urethra.

(c) During sexual arousal, these secrete an alkaline substance into the urethra glands secrete an alkaline substance into the urethra that protects the passing
sperm by neutralizing acids from urine in the urethra.

(d) They secrete mucus that lubricates the end of the penis and the lining of the urethra, thereby decreasing the number of sperm damaged during ejaculation.

A

Bulbourethral glands

39
Q

the mixture of sperm and the secretions of the seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands.

A

Semen

40
Q

(1) contains the urethra and is a passageway for the ejaculation of semen and the excretion of urine.
(a) Cylindrical in shape and consists of a root, a body, and the glans penis.
(b) The root of the penis is the attached portion.
(c) The body of the penis is composed of three cylindrical masses of tissue. The two dorsolateral masses are called the corpora cavernosa penis.

A

Penis

41
Q

The fructose in the alkaline fluid secreted by the seminal vesicles is used for what

A

ATP production by sperm.

42
Q

What is the purpose of the prostaglandins in the alkaline fluid secreted by the seminal vesicles

A

sperm motility and viability and may also stimulate

muscular contraction within the female reproductive tract.

43
Q

What does the prostate secrete?

A

a milky, slightly acidic fluid (PH about 6.5) that contains

(1) citric acid, which can be used by sperm for ATP production via the Krebs cycle; acid phosphatase (the function of which is unknown); and several protein- digesting enzymes, such as PSA.

44
Q

Prostatic secretions make up what percent of the volume of semen.

A

about 25%

45
Q

The volume of semen in a typical ejaculation is 2.5 to 5 milliliters, with 50 to 150 million sperm per milliliter.
When the number falls below ____ the male is likely to be infertile.**

A

20 million per milliliter

46
Q

pH of semen

A

has a slightly alkaline pH of 7.2 to 7.7 due to the higher pH and larger volume of fluid from the seminal vesicles.

47
Q

Does semen have a natural antibiotic that can destroy certain bacteria.?

A

yes

-(h) The antibiotic may help control the abundance of naturally occurring bacteria in the semen and in the lower female reproductive tract.

48
Q

The smaller midventral mass that contains the urethra.

A

the corpus spongiosum penis

49
Q

The distal end of the corpus spongiosum penis is a slightly enlarged region called the

A

glans penis.

-The glans penis is the opening of the urethra to the exterior.

50
Q

how do erections form

A

1) Parasympathetic impulses cause release of neurotransmitters and local hormones, including the gas nitric oxide, which relaxes vascular smooth muscle in the penile
arteries.

2) The arteries supplying the penis dilate, and large quantities of blood enter the sinuses.
3) Expansion of these spaces causes compression of the veins draining the penis so blood flow is slowed.

51
Q

a sympathetic reflex coordinated by the lumbar portion of the spinal cord. As part of the reflex, the smooth muscle sphincter at the base of the urinary bladder closes.

A

Ejaculation

52
Q

An enzyme converts testosterone into what other hormone?

A

dyhidrotestosterone (DHT)

-Can be found in certain locations like external genitals and prostate

class 21025 unit 11 gu (26 decks)

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