Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

urinary pathology > Male Pelvis Pathology > Flashcards

Male Pelvis Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

How many kinds of prostate and SV cysts

A

six categories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Parenchymal degenerative cysts

A

Most common
Hyperplastic nodules in transition zone
Insignigant unless large and causing obstruction
Unilocular or thinly septated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Retention Cysts

A

Focal
result from duct obstruction
firm and mimic cancerous nodule
surface mostly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Congenital cysts

A

In or close to midline
related to Wolffian or Mullerian ducts
Usually asymptomatic unless infected/large

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where are congenital abnormalities

A

Common in and around the seminal vesicle and protstate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Utericle cysts

A 
Dilation of prostatic utricle
May be seen with unilateral renal agenesis 
Always midline (small and contained within the prostate, may be large)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Mullerian duct cysts

A

Remnants of paramesonephric duct
Mostly midline an extends from midline
If big, can extend above the prostate
Teardrop shaped pointed towards the verumontanum, can have calcifications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Ejaculatory duct cysts

A

Small
cystic dilatation of ejaculatory ducts from ?obstruction; can also be diverticula of duct; assoc. with infertility; can cause perineal pain in patients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Prostate abscesses

A

Thick, irregular walls, debris contaning cysts resemble abscess
E-Coli
Predisposing factors: Diabetes, instrumentation, immunodeffcny, aspiration TRUS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cystic neoplasms

A

Rare
Cystadenoma
Cystadenocarcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Seminal Vesicle cysts are…

A

rare

usually solitary, asymptomatic, can aspirate if large, associated with renal anomalies like agenesis and APKD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Exophytic cyst

A

Exterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Prostatitis

A

Chronic pain syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Prostatitis does not mean….

A

Infection, inflammation or protstatic involvement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Prostatitis is

A

Leading cause of urologist visits in men <50-years of age

>50 1. BPH; 2. Cancer: 3. Prostatitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are classifications of prostatitis

A

Acute bacterial prostatitis
Chronic bacterial prostatitis
Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome
Inflammatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

cute prostatitis

A

UTI ,epididymitis /orchitis may cause infection of prostate
Main causative agents are
Proteus,Klebsiella species, Escherichia coli,chlamydia and gonorrhea.
PSA will be high(protien produced by prostate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Acute prostatitis treatment

A

IV antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Acute prostatitis clinical

A

Pt presnets with fever, chills,pelvic pain,difficulty in urination or ejaculation
Foul smell in urine / blood in semen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are risk factors for acute prostatitis

A

Surgical intervention like bx , catheterization are risk factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Acute bacterial prostatitis

A

least common
Symptoms acute urinary or systemic infection
Infection from gram-negative organisms i.e. E-Coli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Acute bacterial prostatitis sonographically

A

Edema, enlargement, hyperemia, venous engorgement, hypoechoic peripheral halo, patchy echo changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Chronic bacterial prostatitis

A

Uncommon
Usually have bacterial urinary infection and febrile
E-Coli most often
No ultrasound findings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Chronic prostatitis (CP)

A

Most common form of prostatic inflammation
Difficult to treat
Type A (diag. by leukocytes in prostate secretions, urine, semen) and Type B (no evidence of inflammation)
Type B aka Prostatodynia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Sonographic features of chronic prostatitis

A

normal, or peripheral hypoechoic areas, calcifications, venous congestion, increased arterial flow, bladder neck thickening, hypoechoic prostatic rim, periurethral hypogenicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis

A

Men with hx genitourinary pain with histological inflammatory changes
Often increased PSA = bx where they identify these inflammatory cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Granulomatous prostatitis

A

Idiopathic

often following instrumentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Causes of granulomatous prostatitis

A

Bacteria ex. TB, histoplasmosis, … and parasites ex. Schistosomiasis, …
North America causes: bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG)commonly instilled in bladderto treat TCC leaks to prostate

29
Q

what are sonographic findings of granulomatous prostatitis

A

On ultrasound, in general, inflamed prostates are hypoechoic. Often it has several hypoechoic, hypervascular areas.

30
Q

prostatic abscess

A

0.5-2.5% of cases with bacterial prostatitis
More prevalent diabetes mellitus & immunosuppressed
Large abscessed can be drained (TRUS)

31
Q

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

Lower urinary tract symptoms
50% men over age 60; 90% men over age 70
Weight normal young=20 g; >50 doubles every 10 years
>40g weight considered enlarged in older men
Might be related to hormone changes? unclear

32
Q

What does BPH look like

A

Hyperplasia and hypertrophy of fibrousmusucular and glandular
Transition and periutheral zones

33
Q

BPH

A

Hypertrophy of the transitional zone

Obstruction to flow of urine

34
Q

Signs and symptoms of BPH

A

Nocturia ,sense of urinary urgency, frequency and constant feeling of having full bladder.
PSA ( protein produced by prostate ) will be high
Sonographically prostate shows diffusely heterogeneous texture, calcifications and cystic changes .
TURP / Hormone is treatment

35
Q

Prostatism and bladder outlet obstruction

A

can relate to increases in prostate size and muscular tone which = urethral constriction

36
Q

Prostatism and bladder outlet obstruction symptoms

A

Frequency, nocturia, weal stream, hesitancy intermittence, incomplete emptying, urgency

37
Q

PVR

A

Post void residual volume

38
Q

Prostatism and bladder outlet

A

Causes retained urine

39
Q

TRUS

A

Prostate sonogram or endorectal ultrasound

Examine more detailed prostate and surrounding tissues

40
Q

why are turps done

A

Relieve urinary obstruction

41
Q

TURP

A

Enlargement of transition zone (inner gland)
Can exhibit hyperechoic, hypoechoic, isoechoic nodules
More distinct nodular margins than in cancerous (poorly marginated)
Hyperplasia in median lobe (periurethral glandular area) = bulging into the bladder

42
Q

Infertility and transrectal ultrasound

A

Male solely responsible 20% of the time

TRUS to view ejaculatory ducts

43
Q

Hematospermia

A

Macroscopic blood in the semen

44
Q

TRUS can show

A

prostatic calcifications, ejaculatory duct calculi, dilated ejaculatory duct, BPH, dilated seminal vesicles, SV calcifications, ejaculatory duct cysts, prostatitis (in 74-95% of cases of TRUS done for infertility)

45
Q

Prostatic calcifications

A

Normal finding
Bright echogenic foci
can shadow
Will shadow, wide, deep shadow

46
Q

Calcifications of seminal vesicle

A

Diabetes: tram tracks on wall (-ray)
Infection
Infection/Inflammatory: luminal/segmental; assoc. with SV calcifications

47
Q

Corpora Amylacea

A 
Proteinacious debris in prostatic ducts
Often in periurethral glands
Can be anywhere in prostate
Twinkle on colour Doppler
Possible causes: subclinical infections, inflammation, and atrophy
48
Q

Prostate cancer

A

Peripheral zone is most common location
Most common cancer in men
Mostly is adenocarcinoma .
Can cause enlarged prostate

49
Q

PSA

A

Normally occurring enzymes
Excess leakage
Elevated: cancer, BPH, prostatitis, many other causes of elevation

50
Q

Normal PSA

A

Normal less than 4ng/ml

51
Q

PSA density (more reliable

A

less than 0.1

52
Q

Grater than 10 PSA

A

Always sent for bx due to cancerous

53
Q

Age specific PSA

A 
Increases normally with age
40-49-years0.0-2.5 ng/mL
50-59-years0.0-3.5 ng/mL
60-69-years0.0-4.5 ng/mL
70-79-years0.0-6.5 ng/mL
54
Q

PSA _______with age

A

Increases normally

55
Q

prostate cancer demographic

A

Mainly men >50-years of age

Long course up to 10-years from asymptomatic to diagnosis

56
Q

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in

A

men

57
Q

Treatments for prostate cancer

A

Varied and personalized

58
Q

Many men have

A

Mcro-tumors that won’t affect longevity

59
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

Most common protstae carcinoma

90%

60
Q

other prostate cancers

A

TCC of prostate, sarcomas, lymphomas

61
Q

Prostate can also be affected by

A

local malignancies from bladder and rectum

62
Q

How does proustite cancer spread

A

Spread to bones via sacrum

63
Q

Prostate volumes in prostate cancer

A

Best with TRUS

Age 50-754.0 ng/mL

64
Q

How is prostate cancer graded

A

T-local tumour
N-Node status
M-Non-lymph node distant Mets

65
Q

Sono appearance of prostate cancer

A

Varying sonographic appearance
Hypoechoic mass in peripheral zone
May be hyper vascular.
Diagnosis confirmed by trans rectal biopsy.
10 to 12 blind biopsies recommended if PSA is high or PSA density is more than 0.1 even if no suspicious lesion in prostate visible

66
Q

Treatment for prostate cancer

A

Treatment depends upon Gleason scoring which include only surveillance, or surgery , radiotherapy, hormone therapy, or combined modalities

67
Q

Higher the Gleason score

A

Lower cure rate

68
Q

TRUS for prostate cancer

A 
Help with diagnosis of Prostate Cancer
Increased PSA levels
Detect abnormal areas on prostate
Needle guidance for TRUS BX
Look at size and shape

urinary pathology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions