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HRM Test 2 > Male Pathology > Flashcards

Male Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 anatomic zones of the prostate?

A

Peripheral zone
Central zone
Transitional zone
Periurethral zone

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2
Q

Which zone of the prostate has the most cases of BPH?

A

Transitional zone

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3
Q 
Dysuria
Frequency
Urgency
Low back pain
**TENDER and boggy prostate on exam
A

Prostatitis

*may see decreased PSA

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4
Q

Treatment for prostatitis?

A

Antibiotics and NSAIDS

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5
Q

What organisms typically cause prostatits?

A

Gram negative rods (same as UTI)
E.coli

Chronic prostatis is usually gram negative (STD organisms potentially implicated)

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6
Q

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia pathophysiology

A

DHT production increases in prostate stromal cells will aging

Stimulates growth

Estradiol levels increase in men with aging – induce an increase in androgen receptors in prostate

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7
Q 
Hesitancy
Urgency
Frequency
Decreased stream size
NOCTURIA
A

BPH

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8
Q

Complications of BPH

A

Obstruction = EMERGENCY
Incomplete bladder emptying
Infection
Infarction

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9
Q

Treatment for BPH

A

Finasteride = 5-alpha reductase inhibitor

Tamsulosin = alpha 1 blocker, relaxes smooth muscle

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10
Q

Tamsulosin

A

alpha 1 blocker that relaxes smooth muscle

Used to treat BPH

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11
Q

What causes descent of the testis through the abdomen?

A

Mullerian-inhibiting substance

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12
Q

What causes descent of the testis through the inguinal canal into the scrotum?

A

Androgen dependent

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13
Q

Cryptorchidism

A

Undescended testis
Impaired spermatogeneis
(but can have normal testosterone levels)

Infertility if uncorrected
Increased risk for germ cell tumors

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14
Q

If cryptorchidism is uncorrected… by what age will there by infertility?

A

Age 2

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15
Q

Chromosomal anomaly associated with cryptorchidism?

A

Trisomy 13

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16
Q

Chromosomal abnormalities associated with male infertility?

A

Klinefelters

Downs

17
Q

Infertility with oligospermia

Post-testicular cuases

A

Usually obstruction
Most commonly epididymis
2nd = absence of vas deferens

18
Q

What patient is commonly infertile due to absence of the vas deferens?

A

Cystic fibrosis

19
Q

What viral infection increases your risk for Orchitis?

A

Mumps

20
Q

Testicular torsion

A

twisting of spermatic cord, thin-walled veins become obstructed leading to congestions and hemorrhagic infarction

21
Q

Granulomatous histology for orchitis.. what should you think?

A

Autoimmune orchitis! or

Tuberculosis or fungal infection

22
Q

What is cremasteric reflex used to diagnose?

A

Testicular torsion

The cremasteric reflex will absent on affected side

23
Q

causes of orchitis in young adults?

A

STIs
Chlamydia
Gonorrhoeae

24
Q

Causes of orchitis in older adults?

A

Urinary tract infections spread to reproductive tract

E. Coli
Psudomonas

25
Q

Testicle looks like “bag of worms”

A

Varicocele

26
Q

Dilation of the spermatic vein due to imparied drainage

A

Varicocele

27
Q

Which side is most common for a varicocele? why?

A

Left sided
Gonadal vein drains into the left renal vein
Increased resistance

28
Q

Progressive, painless testicular enlargement… what is on your radar?

A

Testicular neoplasm

29
Q

Most common male germ cell tumor?

A

Seminoma

30
Q

Scrotal swelling that can be transilluminated?

A

Hydrocele

31
Q

Most common testicular tumor in infants?

A

Yolk sac tumor

32
Q

Schiller Duval bodies

High AFP

A

Glomerulus like structures seen in yolk sac tumors

33
Q

Seminoma vs. nonseminoma

A

Seminoma = responsive to radiotherapy, metastasize late, good prognosis

Non-seminomas = variable response to treatmnet, metastasize early

34
Q

Malignancy
Distant metastases at diagnosis
high BhCG

A

Choriocarcinoma

35
Q

Malignancy

More than one germ cell layer

A

Teratoma

**never benign in adult males (benign in females)

36
Q

Embryonal carcinoma

A

2nd most common germ cell tumor
malignant
Immature primative cells

37
Q

Staging of testicular cancer

A

Stage 1: local spread

Stage 2: Involvement of retroperitoneal lymphatics

Stage 3: Parenchymal metastases or nodes beyond retroperitoneal

HRM Test 2 (16 decks)

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