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Reproductive - Reproductive Gynaecology > Male Infertility - Science > Flashcards

Male Infertility - Science Flashcards

1
Q

How is the chromosomal sex of a male established?

A

An ovum with an X chromosome is fertilised by a sperm with a Y chromosome to form an embryo with XY chromosomes

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2
Q

What does a Y chromosome have that an X chromosome does not?

A

Sex determining region

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3
Q

What is the role of the sex determining region of the Y chromosome?

A

To stimulate the bipotential gonad to differentiate into testes

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4
Q

What is male gonadal sex?

A

The presence of testes

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5
Q

What two hormones are secreted by the foetal testes?

A

Testosterone and Mullerian inhibiting factor

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6
Q

What is the role of testosterone secreted by the foetal testes?

A

Causes undifferentiated external genitalia to develop along male lines i.e. penis and scrotum, and it transforms the Wolffian duct into the male reproductive tract

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7
Q

What is the role of Mullerian inhibiting factor secreted by the foetal testes?

A

Degeneration of the Mullerian ducts

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8
Q

What is male genital sex?

A

The presence of male external genitalia

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9
Q

At what point in development do external genitalia start to differentiate? When can the sex be determined on a scan?

A

9 weeks / 16 weeks

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10
Q

In the development of a male embryo, without the stimulus of male testicular hormones, what would happen?

A

The foetus would develop a female internal genital tract

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11
Q

What happens to the Wolffian and Mullerian ducts in the development of a female embryo?

A

The Wolffian duct degenerates and the Mullerian duct goes on to become the female reproductive tract

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12
Q

In terms of embryonic development, what happens in androgen insensitivity syndrome?

A

Insensitivity to androgens means that the androgen induction of the Wolffian duct does not occur, but Mullerian duct inhibition does occur

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13
Q

What would be the karyotype (chromosomal sex) of an individual with androgen insensitivity syndrome?

A

XY

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14
Q

What would be the gonadal sex of an individual with androgen insensitivity syndrome?

A

They would have developed testes but they would not have descended

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15
Q

What would be the genital sex of an individual with androgen insensitivity syndrome?

A

Phenotypically female external genitalia, but with no uterus/ovaries and a short vagina

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16
Q

Individuals with androgen insensitivity syndrome are usually brought up as what gender?

A

Female

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17
Q

How may individuals with androgen insensitivity syndrome present?

A

At puberty, with a lack of pubic hair and primary amenorrhoea

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18
Q

Individuals with diagnosed androgen insensitivity syndrome usually continue life as what gender?

A

Female

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19
Q

How are individuals with androgen insensitivity syndrome treated?

A

HRT, removal of the undescended testes, and fertility treatment (surrogacy, egg donation) if they want to conceive

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20
Q

How is androgen insensitivity syndrome inherited?

A

X-linked autosomal recessive

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21
Q

In utero, where do the testes develop?

A

In the abdominal cavity of a foetus

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22
Q

Where do the testes end up before birth? What is this dependent on?

A

In the scrotal sac, which is dependent on androgen

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23
Q

Why is it important that the testes descend?

A

Because it is a lower temperature outside the body which is needed to facilitate spermatogenesis

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24
Q

Outside the body, what structure is responsible for temperature control of the testes?

A

Dartos muscle

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25
Q

What are the two functions of the testes?

A

Spermatogenesis and the production of testosterone

26
Q

What structures are responsible for spermatogenesis?

A

Seminiferous tubules

27
Q

What cells of the testes are responsible for the production of testosterone?

A

Leydig cells

28
Q

What is cryptorchidism?

A

The individual has reached adulthood and the testes have not descended

29
Q

What is the advantage of unilateral cryptorchidism?

A

It maintains fertility

30
Q

Why is it cryptorchidism dangerous?

A

Increases the risk of testicular germ cell cancer

31
Q

What is the treatment of cryptorchidism if the individual is < 14 years of age?

A

Orchidoplexy (descending the testes)

32
Q

What is the treatment of cryptorchidism if the individual is an adult?

A

Orchidectomy

33
Q

How often are LH and FSH secreted in males?

A

They are secreted constantly

34
Q

When does GnRH start to be released in males? How often is it released?

A

GnRH release starts at puberty, and from then is secreted in bursts every 2-3 hours

35
Q

What is the role of GnRH?

A

Stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete LH and FSH

36
Q

GnRH in males is under negative feedback control by what hormone?

A

Testosterone

37
Q

LH acts on which cells in males?

A

Leydig cells

38
Q

What is the role of the Leydig cells once LH has acted on them?

A

Regulate testosterone secretion

39
Q

FSH acts on which cells in males?

A

Sertoli cells

40
Q

What is the role of the Sertoli cells once FSH has acted on them?

A

Enhances spermatogenesis

41
Q

FSH is under negative feedback control by what hormone(s)?

A

Testosterone and inhibin

42
Q

Where is inhibin secreted from?

A

Sertoli cells

43
Q

LH is under negative feedback control by what hormone(s)?

A

Testosterone

44
Q

What type of hormone is testosterone?

A

Steroid hormone

45
Q

Where is testosterone produced?

A

Leydig cells

46
Q

Where is testosterone secreted into from the Legdig cells?

A

The blood and seminiferous tubules

47
Q

Testosterone exerts negative feedback on where?

A

The hypothalamus (GnRH) and anterior pituitary (LH and FSH)

48
Q

What is the role of testosterone at puberty?

A

Promotion of puberty and development of secondary male characteristics

49
Q

What are the roles of testosterone in an adult?

A

Controls spermatogenesis, secondary sex characteristics, libido and erection, and may have a role in aggressive behaviour

50
Q

What type of hormones are inhibin and activin?

A

Peptide hormones

51
Q

Inhibin and activin are secreted by which cells?

A

Sertoli cells

52
Q

Inhibin and activin exert feedback on which hormone?

A

FSH

53
Q

After ejaculation, a series of biochemical and electrical events take place before fertilisation. Where does this occur?

A

Ampulla of the fallopian tube

54
Q

What are the roles of the epididymis and vas deferens?

A

Exit route from testes to urethra, concentrates and stores sperm, site of sperm maturation

55
Q

What 4 things are secreted by the seminal vesicles?

A

Seminal fluid, fructose, prostaglandins and fibrinogen

56
Q

What are the roles of the prostate gland?

A

Produces alkaline fluid to neutralise the vagina and produces clotting enzymes to clot semen within a female

57
Q

What is the role of the bulbourethral gland?

A

Secretes mucus to act as a lubricant

58
Q

Describe the structures the sperm would pass through from testes to urethra?

A

Testes, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra

59
Q

When a man is erect, which part of the penis fills with blood?

A

Corpus cavernosa

60
Q

Erection is under control by which branch of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Parasympathetic

61
Q

Ejaculation is under control by which branch of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic

Reproductive - Reproductive Gynaecology (12 decks)

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