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Pathology > Male GU > Flashcards

Male GU Flashcards

1
Q

urethritis

A

Gonococcal or non-gonococcal accompanied by cystitis or prostatitis
- adults are e coli

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2
Q

Caruncles

A

painful, small, red, inflammatory lesions

- polyps of external urethral meatus in women

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3
Q

peyronie disease

A

fibrosis of penile corpus cavernosum, curvature and pain during intercourse

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4
Q

urethral carcinoma

A

uncommon, proximal urethra which are analagous to bladder urothelial malignancy
- distal urethra they are sq cell carcinomas

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5
Q

hypospadias and epispadias

A

malformations of the urethral canal can produce aberrant openings on ventral aspect of penis (hypo) or dorsal surface (epi)

  • can be associated with undescended testes
  • predispose to UTI or severity
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6
Q

phimosis

A

designation for a prepuce (foreskin) orifice too small to permit normal retraction

  • secondary to inflammation
  • secondary infections and CA
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7
Q

condyloma acuminatum

A

benign sexually transmitted epithelial proliferation caused by HPV 6 and 11
Morph: single or multiple sessile or pedunculated red papillary excrescences
- micro - branching papillae covered by hyperplastic stratified squamous epithelium with hyperkeratosis

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8
Q

Bowen disease

A

CIS
involve male or female older than 35
- gray white or shiny plaques along penile shaft
Morph: epithelial atypia with no invasion
- epithelial thickening on inner surface progressing to ulceroinfiltrative or exophytic growth
Sx: slow growth

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9
Q

Bowenoid papulosis

A

CIS
multiple, pigmented papular lesions on external genitalia in younger, sexually active patients
Morph: epithelial thickening on inner surface progressing to ulceroinfiltrative or exophytic growth
Sx: slow growth

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10
Q

Invasive carcinoma

A

penile squamous cell carcinoma less than 1 percent, higher without circumcision
Morph: epithelial thickening on inner surface progressing to ulceroinfiltrative or exophytic growth
Sx: slow growth

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11
Q

cryptorchidism

A

failure of testicular descent, usually unilateral
Morph: decreased germ cell development thickening and hyalinization of seminiferous tubule basement membrane and interstitial fibrosis
- spares leydig cells
Sx: sterility, inguinal hernias
- increased incidence of testicular malignancy

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12
Q

Testicular torsion

A

twisting of spermatic cord cuts of venous drainage

- needs to be fixed to scrotum

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13
Q

Germ cell tumor - seminoma

A

Age: 30-40
Morph: gross - homogeneous lobulated gray white masses, devoid of hemorrhage or necrosis
micro - single histologic pattern
- clear cytoplasm, large nuclei, prominent nucleoli
- irregular lobules lymphocytic
- cKIT, OCT4, PLAP, hCG

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14
Q

Germ cell tumor - spermatocytic seminoma

A

Uncommon neoplasm
Age: older patients
Course: no metastases
Morph: gross - soft gray cut surfaces with mucoid cysts
micro - mixture of three cell populations, small cells

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15
Q

Germ cell tumor - embryonal carcinoma

A

Age: 20-30
Course: more aggressive than seminomas
Morph: gross - small, gray-white masses with hemorrhage or necrosis
micro - lesions have primitive epithelial cells with indistinct borders with irregular sheets, tubules, alveoli, papillary structures

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16
Q

Yolk sac tumor (endodermal sinus tumor)

A

Common testicular neoplasm in patients under 3 years
- good prognosis
Morph: Grossly - typically infiltrative, homogeneous, yellow-white mucinous tumor
Micro - cuboidal neoplastic cells in lacelike network
- schiller duval bodies seen in half

17
Q

Choriocarcinoma

A

Malignant neoplasm with cytotrophoblastic and syncytiotrophoblastic elements
Morph: grossly - neoplasm small with widespread systemic metastases
micro - polygonal comparatively uniform cytotrophoblastic cells in sheets and cords

18
Q

Teratoma

A

neoplasm with differentiation along endodermal, mesodermal, ectodermal cell lines
- men they are malignant

Morph: tumors are large, heterogenous can have hemorrahge
- haphazard array of differentiated mesodermal, ectodermal, endodermal elements

19
Q

Leydig cell tumor

A

Age: 20-60
Tumor production: androgens, estrogens, corticosteroids
- most are benign
Morph: grossly - circumscribed nodules with homogenous golden brown cut surface
micro - polygonal cells with abundant granular, eosinophilic cytoplasm and indistinct cell borders

20
Q

Sertoli cell tumors

A

10% malignant, otherwise testicular mass hormonally silent
Morph: tumors are gray-white to yellow mass
micro - tall columnar cells in trabeculae

21
Q

Testicular lymphoma

A

Age: older than 60
Most common tumor in that age group
- usually large b cell non hodkin lymphoma with CNS involvement

22
Q

hydrocele

A

accumulation of serous fluid within mesothelial lined tunica vaginalis from generalized edema

23
Q

hematocele

A

accumulation of blood secondary to trauma, torsion, or generalized bleeding diathesis

24
Q

chylocele

A

accumulation of lymphatic fluid secondary to lymphatic obstruction (elephantiasis)

25
Q

Spermatocele

A

local cystic accumulation of semen in dilated ductuli efferentes or rete testis

26
Q

Varicocele

A

dilated vein in spermatic cord may be asymptomatic or contribute to infertility

27
Q

Acute bacterial prostatitis

A

Cause: organisms assoc with UTI
- urinary reflux or lympho seeding, cath, surgical
Sx: fever, chills, dysuria, boggy tender prostate

28
Q

Chronic bacterial prostatitis

A

insidious disorder
Sx: asymptomatic or low back pain, suprapubic and perineal discomfort, dysuria
- history of recurrent UTIs

29
Q

Chronic abacterial prostatitis

A

most common, without recurrent UTI

- 10 leukocytes on high powered field

30
Q

Granulomatous prostatitis

A

installation of BCG to treat bladder cancer most common cause

31
Q

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

Common disorder by periurethral epithelial and stromal hyperplasia that compresses urethra
Path: DHT causes sx through FGF7 and FGF1
Morph: grossly - nodules in transitional and periurethral zones
micro - nodules composed of proliferating glands and fibromuscular stroma
- sq metaplasia and infarcts
Sx: restriction of flow, urinary retention, urinary frequency, nocturia, urinary stasis with resultant bacterial overgrowth and UTI
- urinary bladder diverticula and hydronephrosis
Tx: alpha 1 blocker and 5 alpha reductase blocker

32
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

Most common form of CA in men, 1/6 lifetime risk
Age: older than 50
Path: requires androgens for survival
- treat with castration and anti-andorgen therapies
Germline genes - BRCA2 mutations
Diet - risk associated with increased fat consumption; dietary products that prevent prostate cancer
Morph: gritty, firm, yellow, poorly demarcated
- can infiltrate seminal vesicles and urinary bladder
Micro - small crowded glands by single layer of epi, nuclei are large with nucleoli
Metastases - obturator nodes to bones through hematogenous dissemination

PSA is organ specific yet not cancer specific

  • normally secreted in semen, elevated in CA
  • PSA velocity better diagnostic measurement

Pathology (12 decks)

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