Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PATHOLOGY 2 > Male Genital system > Flashcards

Male Genital system Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Diseases of penis, scrotum and funicular spermaticus:

HYPOSPADIA

A
  • malformation of the penis
  • 1/250 births
  • urethra open on ventral side
  • due to failure of fusion of urethral/genital folds
  • associated with abnormal descent of testes, obstruction, UTIs and possibly infertility
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q
  1. Diseases of penis, scrotum and funicular spermaticus:

EPISPADIA

A
  • malformation of penis
  • 1/300 000 births
  • urethra opens on dorsal surface of penis
  • associated with abnormal descent of testes, obstruction, UTIs and infertility
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q
  1. Disease of penis, scrotum and funicular spermaticus:

PHIMOSIS

A
  • prepuce cannot easily be retracted over glans penis

- due to congenital anomaly or scarring of prepuce secondary to balantoprosthitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q
  1. Disease of penis, scrotum and funicular spermaticus:

PARAPHIMOSIS

A
  • compromised circulation to the glans due to retraction of stenotic prepuce over glans
  • foreskin cannot be put back to normal position after retraction
    ⇒ pain, congestion, swelling of distal penis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q
  1. Disease of penis, scrotum and funicular spermaticus:

INFLAMMATORY PROCESSES OF PENIS

A
  1. STDs
    * candida albicans, anaerobic bacteria, Gardenella, pyogenic bacteria
    * troponema pallidum ⇒ syphilis
    * HPV/HHV
    * HIV
  2. local inflammatory processes
    * poor hygiene
    * Fournier’s gangrene
  3. systemic inflammatory diseases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
  1. Disease of penis, scrotum and funicular spermaticus:

BALANTIS

A
  • inflammatory lesion of glans penis
  • Balantoprosthitis ⇒ prepuce involved
  • cause: poor hygiene ⇒ accumulation of epithelial cells, sweat and smegma // congenital or acquired phimosis
  • morphology: red, swollen, tender, purulent discharge
  • types: simple, erosive, gangrenous
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q
  1. Diseases of penis, scrotum and funicular spermaticus:

VENEREAL WARTS

A
  • inflammatory lesion of penis
  • condyloma acuminatum
  • cause: HPV (type 6 and 11)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q
  1. Diseases of penis, scrotum and funicular spermaticus:

URETHRITIS

A
  • inflammatory lesion of penis
  • UTI - acute or subacute
  • cause: N.gonorrhea, T.vaginalis. C.trachonatis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q
  1. Diseases of penis, scrotum and funicular spermaticus:

CHANCRE

A
  • inflammatory lesion of penis
  • location: glans, penile body and scrotum
  • cause: T.pallidum ⇒ syphilis
  • morphology: painless eroded papule
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q
  1. Diseases of penis, scrotum and funicular spermaticus:

CHANCROID

A
  • inflammatory lesion of penis
  • ulcerative lesion with inguinal lymphadenopathy
  • cause: H.ducreyi
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q
  1. Diseases of penis, scrotum and funicular spermaticus:

LYMPHOGRANULOMA VENEREUM

A
  • inflammatory lesion of penis
  • morphology: small papule ⇒ inguinal lymphadenitis ⇒ chronic persistent infection
  • cause: C.traconatis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q
  1. Diseases of penis, scrotum and funicular spermaticus:

NEOPLASMS OF PENIS GENERAL

A
  • 95% from squamous epithelium
  • occur in uncircumscribed men, older than 40 years
  • risk factors:
    • poor hygiene
    • smoking
    • HPV infection (16,18)
  • carcinoma in situ ⇒ ulcerate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q
  1. Diseases of penis, scrotum and funicular spermaticus:

BOWEN DISEASE

A
  • squamous cell carcinoma in situ
  • occurs in older uncircumcised men
  • morphology: solitary, plaque like lesion on shaft of penis (skin, mucosal surface)
  • can progress to invasive squamous cell carcinoma
  • Erythoplasia of Queyrat:
    • premalignant lesion of glans
    • erythematous, raised velvety plaque
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q
  1. Diseases of penis, scrotum and funicular spermaticus:

SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA OF THE PENIS

A
  • morphology: gray, crusted, papular lesion ⇒ infiltrate ⇒ indurated, ulcerated lesion with irregular margins
    ⇒ metastasis to inguinal LN
  • treatment: amputation
  • Verrucous carcinoma:
    • variant type, papillary architecture. no cytological atypia, rounded
    • local invasive, no metastasis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q
  1. Diseases of penis, scrotum and funicular spermaticus:

INFLAMMATIONS OF SCROTUM

A
  1. Jock itch (Tinea cruris) ⇒ superficial fungal infection
  2. Candidiasis ⇒ C.albicans
  3. Eczema ⇒ allergic reaction, atopic dermatitis
  4. Elephantiasis ⇒ Wuchereria bancrofti
  5. Furuncle/Erysipelas ⇒ S.aureus, S.pyogenes
  6. Gangrene
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q
  1. Diseases of penis, scrotum and funicular spermaticus:

CONTACT DERMATITIS

A
  • disease of the scrotum
  • redness, burning, swelling, itching
  • cause: soaps, solvents, detergents, natural irritants
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q
  1. Diseases of penis, scrotum and funicular spermaticus:

NEOPLASMS OF SCROTUM

A
  • most common; squamous cell carcinoma

- rare tumors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q
  1. Diseases of penis, scrotum and funicular spermaticus:

HYDROCELE

A
  • scrotal enlargement
  • accumulation of serous fluid within tunica vaginalis
  • cause: infection, tumor, idiopathic
  • hematocele / chylocele
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q
  1. Diseases of penis, scrotum and funicular spermaticus:

SPERMATOCELE

A
  • retention cyst of the head of epididymis distended with milky fluid containing spermatozoa
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q
  1. Diseases of penis, scrotum and funicular spermaticus:

SEBACEOUS CYST / EPIDERMOID CYST

A
  • cyst filled with fatty, white, semi-fluid material ⇒ sebum
  • associated with swollen hair follicle + blocked gland in scrotum
  • treatment: surgery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q
  1. Diseases of penis, scrotum and funicular spermaticus:

INGUINAL HERNIA

A
  • protrusion of abdominal wall through inguinal canal
  • types:
    • direct: superficial inguinal ring
    • indirect: deep inguinal ring
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q
  1. Diseases of penis, scrotum and funicular spermaticus:

CONTENT OF SPERMATIC CORD

A
  1. Arteries:
    - testicular
    - deferential
    - cremasteric
  2. Nerves:
    - cremaster muscle nerve
    - testicular n.
  3. Vas deference
  4. Pampiniform plexus
  5. Lymphatic vessels
  6. Tunica vaginalis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q
  1. Diseases of penis, scrotum and funicular spermaticus:

TORSION

A
  • twisting of spermatic cord ⇒ venous infarction
  • types:
    • neonatal torsion
    • adult torsion (bilateral anatomical defect ⇒ bell clapper abnormality)
  • Treatment: Orchiopexy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q
  1. Diseases of penis, scrotum and funicular spermaticus:

VARICOCELE

A
  • abnormal dilation and tortuosity of veins in pampiniform plexus
  • due to insufficiency of venous valves
  • associated with infertility
  • morphology: thickening of venous walls with fibrosis, decreased spermatogenesis in tubules with germ cell degeneration, increased Leydig cells
  • treatment: ligation or occlusion of left spermatic vein
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q
  1. Prostatitis, nodular hyperplasia of prostate:

ACUTE BACTERIAL PROSTATITIS

A 
CAUSE:
 - staphylococci, Gram- bacteri, E.coli
PATHOGENESIS:
 - associated infection of urethra and bladder ⇒ direct extension or through vascular channels
MORPHOLOGY:
 - neutrophil infiltrate
 - congestion of stroma
 - microabscess
CLINICAL FEATURES:
 - fever, dysuria, lower back pain, pelvic pain ⇒ sepsis
 - prostate enlarged, tender
26
Q
  1. Prostatitis, nodular hyperplasia of prostate:

CHRONIC BACTERIAL PROSTATITIS

A 
CAUSE:
 - after acute infection or insidiously
 - uropathogens
PREDISPOSITION:
 - catheter, UTIs, prolonged sexual activity, foreign objects in urethra
MORPHOLOGY:
 - tissue destruction
 - fibroblast proliferation
 - inflammatory cells
CLINICAL FEATURES:
 - urinary or sexual dysfunction
 - lower back pain, dysuria, perineal discomfort
27
Q
  1. Prostatitis, nodular hyperplasia of prostate:

CHRONIC NON-BACTERIAL PROSTATITIS/ CHRONIC PELVIC PAIN SYNDROME

A
  • no uropathogen

- symptoms and increased amount of leukocytes in prostatic secretion

28
Q
  1. Prostatitis, nodular hyperplasia of prostate:

ASYMPTOMATIC INFLAMMATORY PROSTATITIS

A

increased leukocytes in prostatic secretion

29
Q
  1. Prostatitis, nodular hyperplasia of prostate:

BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA etiology

A
  • glandular and stromal hyperplasia
  • men age 40
  • excessive androgen stimulation ⇒ DHT binds nuclear androgen receptor ⇒ synthesis of DNA, RNA, growth factors ⇒ hyperplasia
30
Q
  1. Prostatitis, nodular hyperplasia of prostate:

BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA morphology

A
  • inner transitional zone
  • forms well-circumscribed nodules, solid with cystic spaces
  • histo: proliferation of streams and epithelial cells ⇒ enlargement + corpora amylacea
31
Q
  1. Prostatitis, nodular hyperplasia of prostate:

BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA clinical features

A
  • lower urinary tract obstruction ⇒ hesitancy or intermittent interruption
  • complete obstruction ⇒ painful distension ⇒ hydronephrosis
  • symptoms: urinary urgency, frequency, nocturia
  • enlarged, firm, rubbery prostate gland
32
Q
  1. Prostatitis, nodular hyperplasia of prostate:

BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA treatment

A
  • DHT formation blockers
  • drugs relaxing smooth muscle by blocking alpha-adrenergic blocks
  • transurethral resection
33
Q
  1. Tumors of prostate:

PROSTATE ADENOCARCINOMA etiology

A
  • men over 50 years old
    1. Hormonal influcence
    2. Hereditary influences
    3. Environmental influence
    • industrial settings
    • geographic differences
      4. Genetic influences
    • fusion gene: TMPRSS2 and ETS
    • activation of P13K/AKT signaling pathway
34
Q
  1. Tumors of prostate:

PROSTATE ADENOCARCINOMA morpholgy

A
  • firm, grey-white with ill-defined margins that infiltrate adjacent glands
    HISTO:
  • well-defined glands
  • atypical epithelium
  • fibrous stroma (scirrhous form)
  • precursor lesion: high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia
35
Q
  1. Tumors of prostate:

PROSTATE ADENOCARCINOMA clinical features

A
  • clinically silent ⇒ accidental finding
  • arise in peripheral region
  • hard, irregular nodules and fixed prostate
  • local discomfort, urethral complications
  • metastasis:
    • bone ⇒ osteolytic or osteoblastic
    • LN + viscera
36
Q
  1. Tumors of prostate:

GRADING AND STAGING

A

GRADING:
- Gleason system ⇒ 5 grades based on glandular pattern of differentiation

STAGING:
 T1⇒ clinically inapparent lesion
 T2⇒ palpable, visible carcinoma 
 T3⇒ local extraprostatic extension
 T4⇒ invasion of contiguous organs/supporting structures
37
Q
  1. Tumors of prostate:

PSA

A
  • prostate-specific antigen
  • serine proatease ⇒ cleave + liquefy seminal coagulum
  • is organ specific but not not cancer specific ⇒ BPH, prostatitis, prostatic infarcts, ejaculation increase PSA
38
Q
  1. Inflammatory lesions of testis and epididymis, cryptorchidism, infertility:
    NON-SPECIFIC EPIDIDYMITIS
A
  • inflammation of epididymis
    ETIOLOGY:
  • primary UTI which ascends through vas deference ⇒ testes
  • related to gonorrhea, syphilis, TB
    SYMPTOMS:
  • testicular pain
  • scrotum: red, warm, swollen, tender + neutrophilic inflammatory infiltrate
39
Q
  1. Inflammatory lesions of testis and epididymis, cryptorchidism, infertility:
    NON-SPECIFIC ORCHITIS
A 
- inflammation of testes
ETIOLOGY:
 - UTI ⇒ ascends
 - STDs: chamydia, gonorrhea
 - E.coli
 - pyogenic bacteria ⇒ abscess of testes
SYMPTOMS:
 - ejaculation of blood
 - hematuria
 - severe pain
 - swelling of testes + inguinal LN
40
Q
  1. Inflammatory lesions of testis and epididymis, cryptorchidism, infertility:
    MUMPS ORCHITIS
A

ETIOLOGY:
- mumps virus - Rubulavirus
- occurs in adult men
SYMPTOMS:
- testis is edematous, congested, painful
- lymphoplasmacytic inflammatory infiltrate
- severe cases: loss of seminiferous epithelium ⇒ tubular necrosis, atrophy, fibrosis and sterility

41
Q
  1. Inflammatory lesions of testis and epididymis, cryptorchidism, infertility:
    MUMPS ORCHITIS
A

ETIOLOGY:
- mumps virus - Rubulavirus
- occurs in adult men
SYMPTOMS:
- testis is edematous, congested, painful
- lymphoplasmacytic inflammatory infiltrate
- severe cases: loss of seminiferous epithelium ⇒ tubular necrosis, atrophy, fibrosis and sterility

42
Q
  1. Inflammatory lesions of testis and epididymis, cryptorchidism, infertility:
    CRYPTORCHIDISM etiology
A 
= testes fail to descend into scrotum
⇒ hormonal abnormality
⇒ intrinsic testicular abnormality
⇒ mechanical problems
- congenital syndromes (Prader-Willi)
43
Q
  1. Inflammatory lesions of testis and epididymis, cryptorchidism, infertility:
    CRYPTORCHIDISM morphology
A 
- small, firm brown testis
HISTO:
 - hyalinization and thickening of tubular basement membrane
 - prominent Leydig cells
 - hyperplastic Sertoli cells
 - atrophy of other cells
44
Q
  1. Inflammatory lesions of testis and epididymis, cryptorchidism, infertility:
    CRYPTORCHIDISM complications
A
  • bilateral: sterility
  • unilateral: atrophy of contralateral descended gonad ⇒ sterility
  • trauma, torsion, inguinal hernia
  • testicular malignancy
    TREATMENT:
  • orchioplexy
45
Q
  1. Inflammatory lesions of testis and epididymis, cryptorchidism, infertility:
    CRYPTORCHIDISM complications
A
  • bilateral: sterility
  • unilateral: atrophy of contralateral descended gonad ⇒ sterility
  • trauma, torsion, inguinal hernia
  • testicular malignancy
    TREATMENT:
  • orchioplexy
46
Q
  1. Inflammatory lesions of testis and epididymis, cryptorchidism, infertility:
    INFERTILITY pre-testicular causes
A

Conditions that impede adequate support of testes

  • hypogonadism
  • drugs, alcohol, smoking
  • strenuous riding
  • medications
  • failure of pituitary to produce gonadotropins
47
Q
  1. Inflammatory lesions of testis and epididymis, cryptorchidism, infertility:
    INFERTILITY testicular causes
A

Conditions where testes produce semen of low quantity and/or poor quality despite adequate hormonal support

  • age
  • genetic defect in Y chromosome
  • cryptorchidism
  • trauma
  • hydrocele
  • mumps
  • testicular cancer
  • idiopathic oligospermia
48
Q
  1. Inflammatory lesions of testis and epididymis, cryptorchidism, infertility:
    INFERTILITY post-testicular causes
A

Conditions that affect male genital system after sperm production, include defects in genital tract and problems in ejaculation

  • vas deferens obstruction
  • lack of vas deference
  • infection
  • retrograde ejaculation
  • ejaculatory duct obstruction
  • hypospadias
  • impotence
49
Q
  1. Inflammatory lesions of testis and epididymis, cryptorchidism, infertility:
    INFERTILITY treatment
A
  • pre-testicular: medical means and interventions
  • testicular: sperm for intrauterine insemination, IVF
  • post-testicular: surgery
  • medication
50
Q
  1. Tumors of testis and epididymis:

ETIOLOGY

A
  • 6/100 000
  • incidence: 15-34 years
  • Types: germ cell tumors, stromal tumors
  • arise in situ
  • intersex syndromes
  • wide range of abnormalities⇒ most common isochomosome of short arm of chromosome 12
51
Q
  1. Tumors of testis and epididymis:

SEMINOMA

A 
- 40-50 years old
MORPHOLOGY:
 - soft, grey-white/yellow, well-circumscribed
 - bulges from surface of testis
 - no capsule
 - Histo: cluster of uniform polygonal cells with clear cytoplasm, lymphocytes in stroma
- tumor marker: hCG
- radiosensitive ⇒ curable
52
Q
  1. Tumors of testis and epididymis:

EMBRYONAL CARCINOMA

A 
- 20-30 years old
HISTO:
 - poorly differentiated, pleiomorphic cells in cords, tubular formation
 - contain yolk sac + choriocarcinoma cells
MORPHOLOGY:
 - foci of hemorrhage and necrosis
- radioresistant
- tumor markers: hCG, AFP
53
Q
  1. Tumors of testis and epididymis:

YOLK SAC TUMOR

A 
- 3 years old
HISTOLOGY:
 - poorly differentiated endothelium-like, cuboidal or columnar cells
 - large, well-demarcated
 - Schiller-Duval bodies
- tumor markers: AFP
54
Q
  1. Tumors of testis and epididymis:

CHORIOCARCINOMA

A
  • 20-30 years old
  • very malignant
    HISTOLOGY:
  • atypical cytotrophoblast, syncytiotrophoblast cells
    MORPHOLOGY:
  • cystic hemorrhagic central parts, surrounded by solid parts
    TUMOR MARKER: hCG
55
Q
  1. Tumors of testis and epididymis:

TERATOMA

A
  • all ages
    HISTOLOGY:
  • tissue from all 3 germ layers
  • malignant in adult ages
56
Q
  1. Tumors of testis and epididymis:

MIXED GERM CELL TUMOR

A
  • 15-30 years old
    MORPHOLOGY:
  • teratoma + embryonal carcinoma
    TUMOR MARKER: hCG, AFP
57
Q
  1. Tumors of testis and epididymis:

CLINICAL FEATURES

A
  • painless enlargement of testis
    METASTASIS:
    ⇒ iliac and para-aortic LN
    ⇒ hematogenous to liver and lungs, brain, bones
58
Q
  1. Tumors of testis and epididymis:

TUMOR MARKERS

A
  1. hCG ⇒ produced by neoplastic syncythiotrophoblastic cells
    * choriocarcinoma
    * seminoma
  2. AFP ⇒ produced by yolk sac
  3. LDH ⇒ assess tumor burden
59
Q
  1. Tumors of testis and epididymis:

TREATMENT

A

chemotherapy

60
Q
  1. Tumors of testis and epididymis:

ADENOMATOID TUMOR

A
  • tumor of epididymis
  • age: 20-40 years
  • painful
  • benign
    MORPHOLOGY:
  • circumscribed, firm, white-grey, cystic
    HISTOLOGY:
  • mesothelial origin
  • uncapsulated, cubital-flat cells form cords, cytoplasmic vacuoles
61
Q
  1. Tumors of testis and epididymis:

ADENOMATOID TUMOR

A
  • tumor of epididymis
  • age: 20-40 years
  • painful
  • benign
    MORPHOLOGY:
  • circumscribed, firm, white-grey, cystic
    HISTOLOGY:
  • mesothelial origin
  • uncapsulated, cubital-flat cells form cords, cytoplasmic vacuoles
    TREATMENT: resection

PATHOLOGY 2 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions