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Urogenital Pathology > Male Genital System > Flashcards

Male Genital System Flashcards

1
Q

List causes of hydrocele

A
  1. Inflammation or tumor of testis
  2. Part of generalized edema
  3. Idiopathic
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2
Q

Pyocele usually follows……

A

Epididymal infection

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3
Q

Define varicocele, its cause and effect

A

It is varicosity of pampiniform plexus of veins. Commonly of unknown cause, leads to depression of spermatogenesis with impairment of fertility.

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4
Q

Spermatocele results from……

A

Obstruction of an epididymal tubule

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5
Q

Congenital inguinal hernia resulta from…….

A

Persistent tunica vaginalis

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6
Q

List complications of gonorrhea

A
  1. Spread of infection to posterior urethra, prostate, seminal vesicles, vas deferens and epididymis. Infection in these sites is difficult to eradicate and often becomes chronic with risk of psoterior urethral stricture and sterility
  2. Ascending infection leading to cystitis and pyelonephritis
  3. Hematogenous dissemination of infection leading to arthritis, acute bacterial endocarditis and septicemia
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7
Q

What are complications of epididymitis

A
  1. Chronic sinus discharging caseous material due to direct spread of infection to posterior wall of scrotum
  2. Direct spread of infection to seminal vesicles, base of bladder and tge testis.
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8
Q

Human papilloma virus causes………, types…….

A

Condyloma acumiatum
6, 11

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9
Q

Acute non-suppurative orchitis results from…..amd shows infiltrates of……

A

Mumps
Lymphocytes and macrophages

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10
Q

List complications of syphilitic orchitis

A
  1. Chronic sinus usually opening through the ant scrotal wall
  2. Fibrosis of testis
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11
Q

Describe cause and microscopy of chronic orchitis

A

Results from autoimmune reaction to spermatozoa or germinal epithelium
Chct by tubular destruction and infiltration by lymphocytes, plSma cells, eosinophils, giamt cells

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12
Q

Compare predisposition to neonatal and adult testicular torsion

A

Neonatal, lacks anatomical defect
Adult, Bell’s clapper abnormality due to failure of posterior anchoring of gubernaculum, epididymis and testis, this leaves testis free to move

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13
Q

Describe microscopic picture amd correction of testicular torsion

A

Ghosts of seminiferous tubules within pools of blood
Should be untwisted within 6 hrs with orchiopexy of the other testis

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14
Q

List risk factors of testicular tumors

A
  1. Cryptorchidism
  2. Intersex syndromes
  3. Cytogenetic abnormalities most commonly isochromosome of the short arm of ch12
  4. Arise from in situ lesions called intratubular germ cell neoplasia
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15
Q

All germ cell tumors are malignant ex…….

A

Mature teratoma occurring in children

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16
Q

List and define subtypes of non-seminomatous germ cell tumors

A
  1. Embryonal carcinomas cells remain undifferentiated
  2. Yolk sac tumor and choriocarcinomas, diff along extra-embryonic line
  3. Teratoma: diff along somatic lines
17
Q

Testicular lymphoma is usually…….., while adenomatoid tumor arises from……

A

Diffuse large cell lymphoma
Mesothelium of the tunica vaginalis

18
Q

Describe spread of malignant tumors of testes

A
  1. Direct: destroy testes & scrotum
  2. Lymphatic to parailiac, paraaortic & inguinal LNs
  3. Blood spread to lung & other organs
19
Q

In epispadius, urethra opens on…….of penis, while in hypospadius it opens on……..

A

Dorsum
Ventral surface

20
Q

What is phimosis?

A

The orifice of prepuce is too small to permit normal retraction. It leads to accumulation of secretions, infection & carcinoma.

21
Q

Starins of HPV causing penile tumors are……

A

16 & 18

22
Q

List malignant tumors of penis

A

Squamous carcinoma in situ (Bowen’s disease)
Invasive squamous carcinoma (typical keratizining squamous cells carcinoma)

23
Q

Write a brief note on chronic pelvic pain syndrome

A
  1. Unknown etiology, same symptoms of chronic prostatitus
  2. No response on Abx
  3. -ve culture of prostatic secretions
24
Q

Describe cause of non-infectious granulomatous prostatitis

A

Due to reaction to secretions from ruptured prostatic ducts & acini

25
Q

Describe pathogenesis of prostatic hyperplasia

A

The level 5-a-reductase enzyme is inc by age. Which converts testosterone to d
DHT which is 5 times more potent affecting central aone of prostate. Androgen/receptors complex lead to activation & release of growth factors enhancing proliferation of both epithelial & stromal cellscof prostate.

26
Q

Prostatic lobes that enlarge in BPH are…….
Cut surface shows……

A

Lateral lobes & middle lobe
Cysts containing milky secretions, infarcts & abscesses

27
Q

Describe microscopic features of BPH

A
  1. Inc in both glandular & fibromuscular stroma of prostate
  2. A variable number of acini are cystically dilated lined by 2 layers; inner hyperplastic epithelium thrown into papillary projections & outer basal cell layer
  3. Concentrically lamellated structures known as corpora amylacaea
  4. Areas of infarction may be seen and are usually surrounded by squamous metaplasia of the epithelium lining near-by acini
28
Q

List effects & compications of BPH

A
  1. On urethra: hematuria, dysuria, acute urinary retention
  2. On bladder: dilatation/hypertrophy of the bladder with trabeculation of its mucosal surface, residual urine accumulation in pouch, incotinence of urine due to stretching sphincter, cystitis & stone formation
  3. Hydronephrosis, hydroureter (bilateral), ascending infection & renal failure.
29
Q

Describe gross features of prostatic carcinoma

A

Commonly arises in the periphery of the gland esp posteriorly but may arise anywhere in prostate. It forms a firm, ill-defined mass with a gray-white cut surface

30
Q

Describe microscopic features of prostatic carcinoma

A
  1. Most are moderately differentiated and consist of closely packed acinieach lined by single layer of cells with prominent nucleoli, mitoses are rere.
  2. Less differentiated show large irregularly spaced acini or cribriform or papillary patter.
  3. A minority of prostatic cancers are poorly differentiated consisting of solid sheets or clusters of malignant cells
  4. Perineural invasion is frequent finding
31
Q

Gleason system depends on……

A

Glndularcpattern of tumor as noted on low power exam

32
Q

Describe spread of prostatic carcinoma

A
  1. Direct spread to urethra, seminal vesicles, UB
  2. Lymphatic to iliac & para-aortic
  3. Perineural invasion: producing severe pain
  4. Blood spread to various organs along paravertebral system of veins, bone metastases are osteoblastic
33
Q

Treatment of androgen dependent prostatic carcinoma involves…….

A

Orchiectomy/estrogen administration

34
Q

Describe diagnosis of prostatic cancer

A
  1. Rectal exam
  2. Transrectal exam
  3. Cytologic exam of prostatic secretion
  4. PSA: high in prostate cance, may also be elevated in prostatitis, infarction & catheteriziation. Useful in monitoring treatment response & recurrence after treatment.
  5. Phosphatases: high serum levels of prostatic acid phosphatase are detected when the tumor has spread beyond prostate, elevated serum levels of both acid & alkaline phosphatase occurcwith bone mets

Urogenital Pathology (9 decks)

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