Male Genital Pathology Flashcards
What predominant infection type is seen in male genital inflammatory dz?
Ascending
What predominant infection type is seen in non pregnant females?
Ascending
What predominant infection type in pregnant females?
Haematogenous
What are the main dz of scrotum?
Dermatitis
3 examples of scrotal disease
Chorioptic mange in rams, frost bite, trauma
What does dermatitis disease in the scrotum cause?
Thermoregulatory failures
Testicular degeneration
(due to inflammation -> calor)
What are the 3 neoplasia types seen in the scrotum? And in what animals are they found?
Mast Cell Tumours - Dog
Haemangiosarcoma - Dog
Papilloma - Boar
What is the tunica vaginalis?
Thin layer of mesothelium around testis, continuous with the peritoneum
What is a common cause of inflammation in the testis/epididymis and what granuloma type is formed?
Spermatic granuloma, inflammation due to spermatozoa
Break in the blood testis barrier -> foreign body immune response
What is male pseudohermaphroditism?
A mismatch between external genitalia and internal gonads
E.g., external female genitalia with internal testes
What is true hermaphroditism?
Gonadal tissues of both sexes present
- one testis and one ovary
What are 3 causes of small testis?
- Cryptorchidism
- Testicular hypoplasia
- Testicular atrophy/degeneration
What is cryptorchdism?
Testis retained between the kidney and inguinal canal
Is cryptorchidism unilateral or bilateral?
Unilateral
What causes cryptorchidism?
Mainly polygenetic
- can be hormonal or environmental
What do cryptorchid testes look like?
Small and fibrotic
Hypoplasia
What do you see under microscope with cryptorchid testes?
Interstitial collagen deposition
Only a few spermatogonia - thermal suppression of spermatogenesis occurs
Is tumour formation risk increased in retained testes?
YES (dogs)
What causes testicular hypoplasia?
Nutrition
Zn deficiency
Genetic, endocrine or cytogenetic abnormalities
What do hypoplastic testes look like (gross)?
Small but normal consistency
When does testicular hypoplasia occur? And when is it observed?
Occurs: congenital or pre-puberty
Observed: post puberty when testes start to grow
Microscopic appearance of hypoplastic testes
Absent or incomplete spermatogenesis with hypoplastic and normal tubules
SEE LECTURE
When does testicular atrophy occur?
After puberty
Causes of testicular atrophy
Increased scrotal temperature Decreased testicular blood supply Vitamin A deficiency Zn deficiency Drug reactions Radiation damage Obstruction Hyperoestrogenism
Is testicular atrophy unilateral or bilateral? And what causes this?
BOTH
Unilateral - Local causes
Bilateral - Systemic causes
Gross appearance of atrophic testicles
Small and firm (similar to hypoplastic)
Microscopic appearance of atrophic testes
SEE LECTURE
3 causes of orchitis (testicular inflammation)
- Haematogenous
- Trauma
- Reflux orchitis
What disease causes orchitis?
Brucella abortus in bulls (haematogenous spread)
What is reflux orchitis?
Ascending infection from epididymis, prostate, bladder, urethra
What is the main cause of epididymitis?
Ascending infection
What is seen with epididymitis?
Enlargement
Abscess
Granuloma formation
Is the tail usually affected in epididymitis?
No
Is epididymitis usually unilateral or bilateral?
Unilateral
What is a secondary effect on the testes due to epidymitis?
Testicular atrophy and degeneration due to increased pressure and heat from the epididymis
What are the main bacterial causes of epididymitis?
Mixed infections involving coliforms, staphylococci, and streptococci
What is a haematogenous infectious cause of epididymitis in ram?
Brucella Ovis
NOTIFABLE
What is an ascending infectious cause of epididymitis in the ram?
Actinobacillus seminis
Histophilus somni
E coli
