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Y2 Reproduction > Male comparative anatomy > Flashcards

Male comparative anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two basic models of penis and in which species are they found?

A
  • musculocavernous = dog and stallion

- fibroelastic = ruminants and pigs

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2
Q

What are the 3 basic parts of the penis?

A
  1. Base where it is attached to the ischial arch
  2. Shaft
  3. Glans penis, specialised at distal end
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3
Q

What is an erection in a musculocavernous penis dependant on?

A

A large corporeal sinus that fills with blood

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4
Q

What forms an os penis?

A

The corpus cavernous fusing together

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5
Q

What is the function of the bulbus glandis?

A

Allows a dog to mate and turn to face their enemies

As it swells it locks the penis in place

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6
Q

What is the erectile tissue surrounding the urethra called?

A

Corpus spongiosis

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7
Q

What changes occur during the erection of a penis?

A
  • elevated arterial blood inflow
  • dilation of corporal sinusoids
  • restricted venous outflow
  • elevated intrapenile pressure
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8
Q

What is the function of the urethralis muscle?

A

Striated muscle that surrounds the pelvic urethra and moves semen into the penile urethra

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9
Q

Which muscle overlaps the root of the penis and extends down the caudal and ventral surfaces, covering the bulbourethral glands?

A

Bulbospongiosus muscle

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10
Q

Where is the ischiocavernosus muscle found?

A

Paired, short muscles in the root of the penis that insert laterally above the sigmoid flexure and connect the penis to the ischial arch

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11
Q

Which muscle holds the penis inside of the sheath when contracted and where is it found?

A

Retractor penis muscle

- attached dorsally to the coccygeal vertebrae and ventrally to the ventrolateral sides of the penis

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12
Q

Describe the events that take place that lead to expulsion of semen

A
  • Sensory stimulation of glans penis during intromission
  • Impulses are transmitted from the glans penis to the lumbosacral region of the spinal cord by means of the pudendal nerve and hypogastric nerve
  • Sudden contraction of the urethralis, Bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus muscles causes reflex expulsion of semen
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13
Q

Describe the anatomy of a stallions penis

A

Musculocavernous penis
Thick tunica albuginea
Large amount of cavernous space which fills with blood during an erection

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14
Q

How is a fibroelastic penis characterised?

A

By a sigmoid flexure

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15
Q

Which muscle hold the sigmoid flexure?

A

Retractor penis muscle

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16
Q

How does an erection occur in a fibroelastic penis?

A

Relaxation of the retractor penis muscle

Corporal sinusoid fills with blood

17
Q

Where is the sigmoid flexure in the bull?

A

Pre-scrotal

18
Q

How is the boar penis adapted for copulation?

A

Spiral shape which locks into the sows cervix and forces ejaculate into the uterus

19
Q

What is the worm like process at the end of the rams penis?

A

Vermiform appendage

20
Q

What is unique about a tom cats penis?

A

Has cornified spines to help stimulate reflex ovulation

Gradually disappear in neutered animals

21
Q

Where are possible places a urethral calculi (bladder stones) can occur in dogs, bulls and rams?

A

Dogs - base of os penis
Bulls - proximal end of the sigmoid flexure/ischial arch
Rams - vermiform appendage

22
Q

What is the most common site for rupture of the tunica albuginea?

A

Where the retractor penis muscles attach to the distal part of the sigmoid flexure

23
Q

How does rupture of the tunica albuginea occur?

A

When the tunica albuginea of the corpus cavernosum is stretched beyond capacity
- if a cow does down under a bull during service

24
Q

What are the 3 ligaments of the testis?

A
  • Proper ligament of the testis
  • Ligament of the tail of epididymis
  • Scrotal ligament
25
Q

Which 2 structures does the ductus deferens link together?

A

The tail of the epididymis and the pelvic urethra

26
Q

What is the function of the pampiniform plexus?

A

Counter current heat exchanger

- Regulates testicular temperature allowing sperm maturation

27
Q

What is produced by accessory sex glands?

A

Seminal plasma - non-cellular fluid portion of semen

28
Q

What are the 4 different accessory sex glands?

A
  • Ampulla
  • Vesicular glands
  • Prostate gland
  • Bulbourethral gland
29
Q

What is the ampulla?

A

Enlargements of the ductus deferens that open directly into the pelvic urethra

30
Q

Where does the prostate gland lie?

A

Close to the junction between the pelvic urethra and bladder

31
Q

Which species has all 4 accessory sex glands?

A

Stallion

32
Q

Which species only has one accessory sex gland? which is it?

A

Dogs only have a prostate gland

33
Q

Which accessory sex gland does a boar not have?

A

Ampulla

34
Q

Which accessory sex gland does a bull not have?

A

Bulbourethral gland

Y2 Reproduction (6 decks)

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