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Endocrinology > Male and Female reproductive systems > Flashcards

Male and Female reproductive systems Flashcards

1
Q

Why three organs provide seminal fluid?

A

Prostate
Seminal Vesicles
Bulbourethral gland

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2
Q

What comprises seminal fluid?

A 
Fructose
Citric Acid
Bicarbonate
Fibrinogen
Fibrinolytic enzymes
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3
Q

Where is the spermatic cord formed?

A

At a deep inguinal ring

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4
Q

What structures are in the spermatic cord?

A 
Testicular artery
Paminiform plexus
Autonomic and GF nerves
Lymph vessels
Vas deferens
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5
Q

What comprises the penis?

A

2x corpora cavernosa

1x corpora spongiosum

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6
Q

What is an erection due to?

A 
Parasympathetic stim
(Point)
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7
Q

What is ejaculation due to?

A

Sympathetic stim

Shoot

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8
Q

How are the testes supplied with blood?

A

Testicular arteries from the aorta via the spetmatic cord

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9
Q

Where does lymph drain in the testes?

A

Para-Aortic lymph nodes

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10
Q

How does male sterilisation happen?

A

Cutting of the vas deferens

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11
Q

Where are the ovaries found?

A

Peritoneal cavity

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12
Q

What helps waft eggs down the fallopian tube?

A

Cilia and spiral muscle

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13
Q

Where does fertilisation take place?

A

Ampulla

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14
Q

What is the uterus supported by?

A

Tone of pelvic floor and ligaments

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15
Q

What sheds at menstruation?

A

Endometrium

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16
Q

Where is the ureter?

A

1cm lateral to cervix

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17
Q

Which ares of the female reproductive tract are sterile?

A

All areas superior to the cervix

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18
Q

What is the pH of the female reproductive tract?

A

pH <4.5

Acidic

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19
Q

How is the female reproductive tract supplied with blood?

A

Ovaries: Ovarian arteries (from aorta)

Uterus/Vagina: Uterine arteries (from internal iliac a)

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20
Q

How is lymph drained from the female reproductive tract?

A

Ovaries -> Para-aortic LNs

Uterus/Vagina -> Iliac, sacral, aortic and inguinal LNs

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21
Q

In males, when does gametogenesis begin?

A

At puberty

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22
Q

What happens during spermatogenesis?

A

Spermatogonia undergo differentiation and self-renewal -> pool available for subsequent spermatogenic cycles throughout life (continuous fertility)
-Produce ~1,500 mature sperm/second

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23
Q

What are the main features of female oogenesis before birth?

A

Multiplication of Oogonia to ~ 6 million/ovary

  • Form 10 Oocytes within ovarian follicles (= primordial follicle)
  • These begin meiosis (halted in prophase)
  • Some primordial follicles degenerate (atresia).
  • At birth ~2 million/ovary remain
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24
Q

What are the main features of female oogenesis at puberty?

A

By puberty <0.5 million/ovary remain (due further atresia)

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25
Q

What are the stages of spermatogenesis?

A 
Spermatogonium
Primary spermatocytes
Secondary spermatocytes
Spermatids
Spermatozoa
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26
Q

Where are Sertoli cell found?

A

Within seminiferous tubules

They have FSH receptors

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27
Q

What is the function of Sertoli cells?

A

Support developing germ cells
Assist movement of germ cells to tubular lumen
Transfer nutrients from capillaries to developing germ cells
Phagocytosis of damaged germ cells

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28
Q

How are Sertoli cells involved in hormone synthesis?

A

Inhibin & Activin (-ve or +ve on FSH)
Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH)
Androgen-Binding Protein (ABP)

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29
Q

Where are the leydig cells found?

A

Between seminiferous tubules
Pale cytoplasm as cholesterol-rich
LH receptors

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30
Q

What is the function of leydig cells?

A 
Hormone synthesis
On LH stimulation, secrete androgens:
Testosterone (oestrogens)
Androstenedione
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
(can be aromatised to oestrogens)
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31
Q

What are the main stages of oogenesis?

A 
Oogonium
Primary Oocytes
Secondary Oocytes
Ootids
Ova
32
Q

What is the first stage of folliculogenesis?

A
  1. Primordial follicle (primary Oocyte at birth)
33
Q

What is the secondary stage of folliculogenesis?

A
  1. Primary (=Preantral) follicle

10 Oocyte and layers of granulosa cells and outer theca cells

34
Q

What is the third stage of folliculogenesis?

A
  1. Secondary (=Antral) follicle
    Fluid-filled cavity (antrum) develops
    FSH and LH receptors
35
Q

What is the fourth stage of folliculogenesis?

A
  1. Mature (=Graafian/Preovulatory) follicle
    Forms due to LH surge
    20 Oocyte formed
36
Q

What is the fifth stage of folliculogenesis?

A
  1. Ruptures surface of ovary
37
Q

What are the sixth and seventh stages of folliculogenesis?

A

Corpus Luteum
Progesterone & oestrogen (stim by LH)
In pregnancy, progesterone & oestrogen production taken over by placenta

38
Q

Where are the theca cells found?

A

Associated with outer part of ovarian follicles

39
Q

What is the function of theta cells?

A 
Support folliculogenesis
Structural &amp; nutritional support of growing follicle
Hormone synthesis
LH stimulates synthesis of androgens
Overactivity -> high androgen levels
40
Q

Where are the granulosa cells found?

A

Associated with inner part of ovarian follicles

41
Q

What is the role of granulosa cells in hormone synthesis?

A

FSH stimulates granulosa cells to convert androgens to oestrogens (by aromatase)
Secrete Inhibin & Activin (effects on FSH)

42
Q

What is the role of granulosa after ovulation?

A

Turn into granulosa lutein cells that produce:
Progesterone (-ve feedback, promote pregnancy by maintaining endometrium)
Relaxin (helps endometrium prepare for pregnancy and softens pelvic ligaments/cervix)

43
Q

What is the hypothalamic-pituitary-gland axes?

A

Hypothalamus: Kisspeptin -> GnRH
Pituitary: LH/FSH
Glands/Targets: Gonads
Target hormones: Oestrogen, Progesterone, Androgen

44
Q

How does hyperprolactinaemia inhibit kisspeptin neurones?

A

Prolactin binds to prolactin receptors on kisspeptin neurons in hypothalamus

Inhibits kisspeptin release.

Decreases in downstream GnRH/LH/FSH/T/Oest

Oligo-amenorrhoea/Low libido/Infertility/Osteoporosis

45
Q

Summarise the menstrual cycle? `

A

Day 1:
First day of bleeding (Blood & cellular debris from necrotic endometrial lining)

Ovulation:
~Day 14

Length:
Average 28d (21-35)
>35 days = oligomenorrhoea
46
Q

How is the menstrual cycle regulated?

A

Driven by feedback loops involving:
Hypothalamic Kisspeptin & GnRH
Pituitary LH & FSH
Ovarian Oestrogen, Progesterone, Activin, Inhibin

47
Q

Whats is the menstrual cycle comprised of?

A

Ovarian cycle and uterine cycle

48
Q

Summarise the ovarian cycle?

A

Follicular Phase
Ovulation (=pre-ovulatory phase)
Luteal Phase

49
Q

Summarise the uterine cycle?

A

Cycle (=Endometrial cycle):
Menstrual Phase
Proliferative Phase
Secretory Phase

50
Q

What happens the day after ovulation?

A

Increasing levels of progesterone increases body temperature bu 0.5 degrees

51
Q

What are the basic principles of the endocrinology of pregnancy?

A

Semen formation and voyage
Capacitation
Fertilisation (Acrosome and Cortical reaction)
Implantation (Attachment & Decidualisation)
Hormonal changes of pregnancy
Parturition (Labour)
Lactation

52
Q

How far do spermatozoa travel?

A

Travels 100,000 x its length from Testis to Fallopian tube

53
Q

How many spermatozoa in semen?

A

12-120 million/ml

54
Q

How many sperm reach the ovum?

A

1/100 of spermatozoa in ejaculate enter the cervix
1/10,000 cervix to ovum
Overall 1/million reach ovum

55
Q

What is capacitation of sperm?

A

Loss of glycoprotein ‘coat’
Change in surface membrane characteristics
Develop whiplash movements of tail

56
Q

Where does capacitation of sperm take place?

A

Takes place in ionic & proteolytic environment of the Fallopian tube
Oestrogen-dependent
Ca2+-dependent

57
Q

What occurs during the acrosome reaction?

A 
Sperm binds to ZP3 
(= sperm receptor)
Ca2+ influx into sperm 
(stimulated by progesterone)
Release of hyaluronidase &amp; proteolytic enzymes 
(from acrosome)

Spermatozoon penetrates the Zona Pellucida

58
Q

Where does fertilisation take place?

A

Occurs within the Fallopian tube

59
Q

What does fertilisation trigger?

A

Triggers cortical reaction
Cortical granules release molecules which degrade Zona Pellucida (e.g. ZP2 & 3)
Therefore prevents further sperm binding as no receptors
Haploid –> Diploid

60
Q

What happens during development of conceptus?

A

Continues to divide as it moves down Fallopian tube to uterus (3-4 days)

Receives nutrients from uterine secretions

This free-living phase can last for ~ 9-10 days

61
Q

What are the two stages of implantation?

A

Attachment phase

Decidualisation phase

62
Q

What happens during the attachment phase?

A

outer trophoblast cells contact uterine surface epithelium

63
Q

What happens during the decidualisation phase?

A

changes in underlying uterine stromal tissue (within a few hours)
Requires progesterone domination in the presence of oestrogen

64
Q

What occurs during attachment?

A

Leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) from endometrial cells stimulates adhesion of blastocyst to endometrial cells

Interleukin-11 (IL11) also from endometrial cells is released into uterine fluid, and may be involved

Many other molecules involved in process (e.g. HB-EGF)

65
Q

During decidualistaion, what endometrial changes occur due to progesterone?

A

Glandular epithelial secretion
Glycogen accumulation in stromal cell cytoplasm
Growth of capillaries
Increased vascular permeability (→oedema)

66
Q

What factors are involved in decidualisation?

A

Interleukin-11 (IL11), histamine, certain prostaglandins & TGFb (TGFb promotes angiogenesis)

67
Q

What happens hormonally in the first 40 days of pregnancy?

A

Progesterone and Oestrogen produced in corpus luteum (in maternal ovary)
stimulated by hCG (produced by trophoblasts) which acts on LH receptors
Essential for developing fetoplacental unit
Inhibits maternal LH & FSH (-ve feedback)

68
Q

What happens hormonally in the after 40 days of pregnancy?

A

Placenta starts to take over progesterone and oestrogen production

69
Q

What maternal hormones increase during pregnancy?

A 
ACTH
Adrenal steroids
Prolactin
IGF1 (stimulated by placental GH-variant)
Iodothyronines
PTH related peptides
70
Q

What maternal hormones decrease during pregnancy?

A

Gonadotrophins
Pituitary GH
TSH

71
Q

What is oxytocin involved in?

A

Uterine contraction
Cervical dilation
Milk ejection

72
Q

What is GnRH?

A

Gonadotrophin Releasing hormone

73
Q

How is GnRH released?

A

Pulsatile

74
Q

How does high prolactin affect the female hypothalmo-pituitary-gonadal axis?

A 
Negative impact, inhibiting GnRH
Inhibits its pulsatility
Cannot function correctly
Disrupts the axis
Stops periods and ovulation
75
Q

What is the term for the ceasing of periods?

A

Amenorrhea

76
Q

What is primary amenorrhea?

A

Never had periods
Severe weight loss going into puberty
Tumour

77
Q

What is secondary amenorrhea?

A

You’ve had periods and they stop

Endocrinology (9 decks)

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