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Clin Med 2 > Male and Female Hormones > Flashcards

Male and Female Hormones Flashcards

(45 cards)

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1
Q

What is the role of male and female hormones?

A

To control reproductive function and secondary sex characteristics in respective gender groups

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2
Q

What are sex hormones classified as?

A

steroids

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3
Q

Where are sex hormones produced?

A

primarily by the gonads, with a small amount in the adrenal cortex (insignificant amount to produce physiological effects)

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4
Q

What are the male and female sex hormones?

A

Male=androgens

Female=estrogens (estradiol) and progestins (progesterone)

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5
Q

What is the control loop for testosterone?

A
  1. Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) is released from the hypothalamus, which causes
  2. Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) are released from the anterior pituitary, which causes
  3. Testosterone to be released from the testes
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6
Q

What is the feedback loop for testosterone?

A

Increased testosterone in circulation inhibits production of these hormones (LH, FSH, GnRH) from the hypothalamus

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7
Q

What are the levels for testosterone in circulation?

A

Fairly constant until aging, where there is decreased production

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8
Q

What are the results (pros/cons) of testosterone replacement therapy?

A

Benefits on body composition, strength, bone mineralization, glucose metabolism, mood, and libido

May be an increased risk of prostate cancer

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9
Q

What are the reasons to administer androgens?

A
  1. Protein loss, muscle catabolism, effects of HIV (rarely first choice of physicians, mixed success)
  2. Delayed puberty-androgens may be used on a short term basis to kick start puberty, as long as no underlying pathology exists
  3. Limited use in hormone sensitive tumors
  4. Anemia-since testosterone is a potent stimulator of EPO, but more direct drugs are preferable
  5. Hereditary angioedema (defect in clotting factors)-may use androgens prophylactically due to action on liver to restore clotting factors
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10
Q

What are the adverse effects of androgens in women?

A

Hirsutism, deepening voice, enlarged external genitalia

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11
Q

What are the adverse effects of androgens in men?

A

Bladder irritation, breast swelling and soreness, frequent or prolonged erections, increased risk of prostate cancer

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12
Q

What are the adverse effects of androgens in children?

A

Accelerated sexual maturation and premature closure of the epiphyseal plates

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13
Q

What are the adverse effects of long term use of androgens?

A

Liver damage/carcinoma, HTN, fluid retention

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14
Q

What is the function of antiandrogens?

A

inhibit the synthesis or the effects of androgen production

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15
Q

When might antiandrogens be used?

A

In the tx of prostate cancer or benign prostatic hypertrophy

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16
Q

What are the antiandrogens?

A

Finasteride (Propecia, Proscar), dutasteride (Avodart)

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17
Q

Why might someone abuse androgen?

A

anabolic steroids are used to enhance athletic performance and increase muscle size and strength

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18
Q

How might someone take androgens to increase their effects?

A

Taking them in a stacking dosage

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19
Q

Review table 30-2 for common drugs

20
Q

How might an athlete take steroids to avoid detection?

Study These Flashcards
A

By using a certain steroid dosing cycle

21
Q

What are the potential benefits of androgen abuse?

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A

Athletic performance, lean body mass, and muscle strength are improved-undetermined by how much

22
Q

What other things might athletes use to enhance performance?

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A

Blood doping and growth hormones

23
Q

What are the adverse effects of androgen abuse?

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A
  • *can be severe/fatal**
    1. mood “roid rage”
    2. liver damage
    3. hepatic tumors
    4. cardiomyopathy
    5. arrhythmia
    6. decreased HDL lipids
    7. changes in reproductive function
24
Q

What are the functions of estrogen?

Study These Flashcards
A

Initiated in puberty:

  1. Maturation of sexual organs
  2. Subcutaneous fat stores
  3. Closure of epiphyseal plates
  4. Widening of pelvic girdle
25
What is the function of progesterone?
Less important in sexual maturation-more involved with facilitating and maintaining pregnancy
26
When is FSH released and what does it do?
Released in follicular phase | Matures into ovum
27
When is LH released and what does it do?
Released at menstrual midpoint with a smaller burst of FSH for ovulation Causes the follicle to release the ovum, and become infiltrated with lipids, forming the corpus luteum
28
What does the corpus luteum do during the second half of the menstrual cycle?
Continues to grow for around 1 week post-ovulation, secretes estrogen and progesterone, which thickens the uterine lining and progesterone stimulates mucus for potential implantation of a fertilized egg
29
What happens if an egg is not fertilized?
The corpus luteum regresses and menstruation occurs
30
What happens if an egg is not fertilized?
human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) is released, takes over the role of LH and prevents the destruction of the corpus luteum
31
How are estrogen and progesterone produced if an egg is fertilized?
1. Corpus luteum persists until 9th-14th week of gestation, producing progesterone to facilitate uterine environment 2. Placenta produces estrogen and progesterone thereafter-also facilitates development of mammary glands for lactation
32
When may estrogen play a role during pregnancy?
In parturitionp
33
What are the pharmacological uses for estrogen and progesterone?
1. contraceptives-altering control between pituitary and ovarian hormones 2. osteoporosis-estrogen replacement 3. hypogonadism-low ovarian function, bleeding abnormalities 4. Failure of ovarian development 5. Menstrual irregularities-amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea 6. Endometriosis-progesterone and estrogen/progesterone combos 7. Carcinoma-metastatic breast cancer treated by estrogen
34
What are the pros/cons of estrogen replacement therapy?
Definitely improves bone mineralization, may improve plasma lipids, possibly some CV benefit May have increased risk of stroke and thromboembolic disease
35
When may be the best timing for estrogen replacement therapy?
starting HRT when a woman is less than 60 years old and within 10 years of reaching menopause
36
What is the role of HRT and cognitive disorders?
No benefit in protecting cognitive decline in of Alzheimer's, mixed results in other cognitive studies
37
Review for clinical used of estrogen/progesterone
30-4/30-5
38
What are other adverse effects of taking estrogen and progesterone?
abnormal blood clotting, PE, thromboembolism, stroke
39
How do Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators work?
Bind to and activate estrogen receptors on certain tissues while blocking the effects on other tissues Example: can reduce carcinogenic effects of estrogen on breast and uterine tissue while producing favorable effects on bone mineralization and cardiovascular function
40
What are some examples of SERMs? What are some potential adverse effects?
Tamoxifen (Tamofen, Nolvadex), may increase fertility Raloxifene (Evista)-primarily used to treat osteoporosis, may also give protection against breast cancer; side effects=hot flashes, bone/joint pain, GI effects, flu-like sx
41
What are some anti-estrogens?
Clomiphene=treats infertility by promoting ovulation | Fulvestrant (Faslodex)-an antiestrogen used to treat estrogen sensitive breast cancers
42
What are the functions of anti-progestins?
``` Used for termination of pregnancy (RU486) Treatment of uterine fibroids and endometriosis Cushing syndrome (block cellular glucocorticoid receptors) ```
43
What are hormonal contraceptives? How do they work?
almost 100% effective when taken correctly varying levels of estrogen/progesterone combos LH and FSH are inhibited, so there is no ovulation
44
What are some adverse effects of hormonal contraceptives?
Adverse effects have decreased with newer drugs-less estrogen, better forms of progestins Still may have risk of thromboembolism, CV events-usually unassociated with risk factors of smoking, HTN, hyperlipidemia
45
What are some potential beneficial effects of hormonal contraceptives?
May actually protect against endometrial and ovarian cancers; relationship to breast cancer is more complicated

Clin Med 2 (2 decks)

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