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Genitourinary Anatomy > Male And Female External Genitalia And Pelvic Organs > Flashcards

Male And Female External Genitalia And Pelvic Organs Flashcards

1
Q

Inguinal canal

A

oblique passageway through the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall that lies superior to the medial half of the inguinal ligament
Passes through each layer of the abdominal wall as it travels medially and inferiorly

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2
Q

Length of inguinal canal

A

5cm

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3
Q

Inguinal canal location

A

Extends from deep inguinal ring laterally to superficial inguinal ring medially

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4
Q

Deep inguinal ring

A

Aperture in transversalis fascia

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5
Q

Superficial inguinal ring

A

Aperture in external oblique aponeurosis

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6
Q

Anterior border of inguinal canal

A

External oblique aponeurosis
Internal oblique aponeurosis laterally

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7
Q

Posterior border of inguinal canal

A

Transversalis fascia
Medial fibres of the aponeuroses of the internal oblique and transversus abdominis (conjoint tendon) medially

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8
Q

Roof of inguinal canal

A

Transversalis fascia
Arching fibres of the internal oblique and transversus abdominis

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9
Q

Floor of inguinal canal

A

Inguinal ligament (the lower border of the external oblique aponeurosis)

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10
Q

Conjoint tendon

A

Medial fibres of the aponeurosis of the internal oblique and transversus abdominis

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11
Q

3 structures of inguinal canal in females

A

Round ligament of uterus
Ilioinguinal nerve
Genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve

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12
Q

Contents of inguinal canal in males

A

Contained within spermatic cord except the ilioinguinal nerve

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13
Q

2 nerves of spermatic cord

A

Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
Sympathetic nerve fibres

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14
Q

Contents of spermatic cord

A

2 nerves
3 arteries
3 fascial layers
4 other structures

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15
Q

3 arteries in spermatic cord

A

Testicular artery
Cremasteric artery
Artery to vas deferens

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16
Q

3 fascial layers in spermatic cord

A

External spermatic fascia
Cremaster muscle and fascia
Internal spermatic fascia

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17
Q

The external spermatic fascia is derived from

A

External oblique aponeurosis

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18
Q

The cremaster muscle and fascia is derived from

A

Internal oblique muscle

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19
Q

The internal spermatic fascia is derived from

A

Transversalis fascia

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20
Q

4 other structures of the spermatic cord

A

Pampiniform venous plexus
Lymphatics
Vas deferens
Processus vaginalis

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21
Q

What is the processus vaginalis derived from

A

Peritoneum

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22
Q

Where are the testes located

A

Within the scrotum

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23
Q

Scrotal skin

A

Thin
Wrinkled
More darkly pigmented than skin elsewhere

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24
Q

Layers of scrotum

A

Scrotal skin
Thin layer of superficial fascia
Dartos muscle

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25
Q

Dartos muscle

A

Thin involuntary muscle in scrotum

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26
Q

Superficial fascia in scrotum

A

Extends between the testes to form a septum, dividing the scrotum into left and right halves

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27
Q

What divides the scrotum into 2

A

Superficial fascia

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28
Q

What does each half of the scrotum contain

A

Testis
Epididymis
Distal part of spermatic cord

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29
Q

Function of testes

A

Produced sperm
Secrete testosterone

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30
Q

Structure of testes

A

Ovoid structures
Covered by 3 same layer of spermatic fascia that cover the spermatic cord (external spermatic fascia, cremaster fascia, internal spermatic fascia)
Also surrounded by a sac called the tunica vaginalis

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31
Q

Tunica vaginalis

A

Sac derived from peritoneum around testes

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32
Q

Structure of epididymis

A

Coiled tube lying along the posterior border of each testis
Expanded head superiorly
A body and pointed tail lying at the lower like of the testis

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33
Q

Function of epididymis

A

Store spermatozoa

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34
Q

Function of vas deferens

A

Carries sperm from the epididymis and travels with the testicular vessels in the spermatic cord

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35
Q

Testicular arteries

A

Direct branches of abdominal artery

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36
Q

Venous drainage of testis and epididymis

A

Enters the pampiniform venous plexus

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37
Q

Pampiniform venous plexus

A

Forms the testicular vein

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38
Q

The right testicular veins drains into

A

Inferior vena cava

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39
Q

The left testicular veins drains into

A

Left renal vein

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40
Q

3 cylinders of erectile tissue in penis

A

2 corpora cavernosa dorsally
1 corpus spongiosum ventrally

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41
Q

Location of corpora cavernosa

A

Dorsally on penis (top)

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42
Q

Location of corpus spongiosum in penis

A

Ventrally (bottom)

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43
Q

Buck’s fascia

A

A deep fascia of the penis which encloses the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum

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44
Q

Glans

A

End of the penis
Expansion of the corpus spongiosum

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45
Q

Corona

A

Circular base of the glans

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46
Q

Foreskin

A

Skin of the shaft of the penis which extends over the glans

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47
Q

Circumcision

A

Removal of the foreskin due to religious, social or medical reasons

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48
Q

Name of end of penis

A

Glans

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49
Q

Corpora cavernosa location

A

Symmetrical and originate along the left and right ischial rami to converge in the midline
Distally- contribute to body of the oenis

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50
Q

Crura

A

Parts of the corpora cavernosa that are attached to the ischial rami

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51
Q

Corpus spongiosum location

A

Sits in the midline
Extended part proximally which rests in the perineal membrane (bulb of the penis)

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52
Q

The bulb of the penis

A

The name of the part of the corpus spongiosum that is attached to the perineal membrane

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53
Q

Where is the penile urethra

A

Within the corpus spongiosum

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54
Q

Opening of penile urethra

A

External urethral meatus

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55
Q

Function of penile urethra

A

Carries semen and urine

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56
Q

What muscles cover the corpora cavernosa

A

Ischiocavernosus muscles

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57
Q

What muscles cover the corpus spongiosum

A

Bulbospongiosus muscle

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58
Q

Function of ischiocavernosus muscle

A

Forces blood into the body if the penis from the crura

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59
Q

Function of bulbospongiosus muscle

A

Forces blood into the glans penis
Assists in maintaining erection by compressing the veins that drain erectile tissue
Contracts to squeeze any remaining urine or semen from the urethra

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60
Q

Arterial supply to penis

A

Internal pudendal arteries branches - deep artery of the penis and artery of the bulb of the penis

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61
Q

What are the internal pudendal arteries a branch of

A

Internal iliac arteries

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62
Q

Nerve root supply to penis

A

S2-S4

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63
Q

General sensation and sympathetic innervation to penis

A

Dorsal nerve of penis — branch of pudendal nerve

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64
Q

Parasympathetic innervation of penis

A

Peri-prostatic nerve plexus

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65
Q

Erection mechanism

A

Parasympathetic nerve fibres from the peri-prostatic nerve plexus dilate the arteries of the corpora so it becomes engorged with blood

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66
Q

Which nerve innervates the ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus muscles

A

Pudendal nerve (S2-S4)

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67
Q

Parts of the penis

A

Shaft
Corona
Glans

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68
Q

What is responsible for increased size and rigidity during an erection

A

Corpora cavernosa

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69
Q

Role of corpus spongiosum during erection

A

Engorged with blood to a lesser extent
Prevent urethra from being compressed - would prevent ejaculation

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70
Q

Male pelvic organs

A

Intra-abdominal parts of the paired vasa deferentia
Seminal vesicles
Ejaculatory ducts
Bulbo-urethral glands
Bladder
Rectum

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71
Q

Function of vas deferens

A

Carries sperm from the epididymis up the spermatic cord and through the inguinal canal into the pelvis

72
Q

Location of vas deferens

A

From the deep inguinal ring, passes across the side wall of the pelvis
Turns medially onto the back of the bladder
Terminated by joining the duct of the seminal vesicle to form ejaculatory duct

73
Q

Ampulla of vas deferens

A

Dilated portion which lies medial to the seminal vesicle

74
Q

What forms the ejaculatory duct

A

Vas deferens
Seminal vesicle

75
Q

Arterial supply to the vas deferens, seminal vesicle and prostate

A

Branches of internal iliac artery

76
Q

Length of seminal vesicle

A

4cm

77
Q

Structure of seminal vesicle

A

Lobulated sac
Lies lateral to ampulla of vas deferens

78
Q

Function of seminal vesicle

A

Secrete a thick alkaline fluid which forms the bulk of the semen

79
Q

Location of ejaculatory duct

A

Pierces the back of the prostate gland to enter the prostatic urethra

80
Q

Structure of prostate gland

A

Roughly spherical fibromusclar gland
Size of a walnut

81
Q

Location of prostate gland

A

Lies against the neck of the bladder

82
Q

What pierces the prostate gland

A

Ejaculatory ducts and urethra

83
Q

Function of prostate gland

A

Secretions are added to semen during ejaculation

84
Q

Hydrocoele

A

This is a painless scrotal swelling caused by accumulation of peritoneal fluid between the layers of the tunica vaginalis around the testis. When a light is shone through a hydrocoele, it can be seen from the other side. This is called ‘transillumination’ and is often used in diagnosis of scrotal swellings.

85
Q

Varicocele

A

This is an abnormal dilation of the pampiniform venous plexus which causes a scrotal swelling. Varicoceles are often described as feeling like a ‘bag of worms’ on palpation, due to the dilated veins. They are much more common on the left side because the left testicular vein drains into the left renal vein before it drains into the inferior vena cava. Because of this, development of a left-sided varicocele may be caused by obstruction of the left renal vein.

86
Q

Which side is varicocele more common

A

Left

87
Q

Epididymo-orchitis

A

This condition is a painful inflammation of the epididymis and testis. Epididymo-orchitis in sexually active patients is very often caused by a sexually transmitted infection such as chlamydia or gonorrhoea. It may also be caused by a urinary tract infection.

88
Q

Testicular torsion

A

This is caused by twisting of the testis on the spermatic cord, which can lead to ischaemia of the testis and represents a surgical emergency. Patient’s often present suddenly with a very painful and tender testis which may be positioned higher or at an unusual angle. If left untreated, it can lead to necrosis and loss of the affected testis.

89
Q

Cryptorchidism (undescended testis)

A

During foetal development, the testes form in the abdomen and descend through the inguinal canal to reach the scrotum before birth. If this fails to occur, the infant is born with one or both testes absent from the scrotum, and the affected testis will be stuck somewhere along the path of descent. As spermatogenesis is optimal just below core body temperature, the testes will only function correctly if they are in the scrotum. Additionally, there is an increased risk of testicular cancer if the undescended testis is left inside the abdomen. For these reasons, undescended testes are often brought into the scrotum surgically.

90
Q

Testicular cancer

A

Cancer of the testis is an important diagnosis to consider in any scrotal lump or swelling. The prognosis is excellent if detected and treated early, usually with surgery to remove the testis and part of the spermatic cord (orchidectomy) plus chemotherapy or radiotherapy if required. In the same way that females are advised to examine their breasts for lumps on a regular basis, males should regularly examine their testes for lumps and seek medical advice from their GP if they are concerned about a new lump.

If a testicular cancer metastasises, it will likely follow the lymphatic drainage which follows the testicular arteries back to lymph nodes around the aorta. For this reason, testicular cancer metastasises first to the para-aortic or retroperitoneal lymph nodes.

91
Q

Vasectomy

A

Vasectomy is a means of male sterilisation (permanent male contraception). It is considered a relatively straightforward surgical procedure where the scrotum is incised and the vasa deferentia are located on each side. They are then ligated, cauterised or clamped to prevent the passage of sperm from the testes.

92
Q

Erectile dysfunction

A

Historically referred to as impotence, erectile dysfunction describes the inability to achieve or maintain an erection during sexual activity. It is common and will affect most males at some point. As achieving and maintaining an erection relies on intact nerve pathways and reflexes, controlled blood flow in and out of the corpora of the penis, and psychological arousal, a problem with any of these may lead to erectile dysfunction. Management includes identifying the cause and treating that or using medications such as sildenafil (Viagra) which increase blood flow into the corpora of the penis.

93
Q

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

The prostate gland completely encircles the urethra. With progressing age, benign
enlargement of the prostate is common and is called ‘benign prostatic hyperplasia’ (BPH) or ‘benign prostatic enlargement’ (BPE). This may lead to compression of the urethra and the inability to pass any urine - called urinary retention - which requires catheterisation (insertion of a catheter into the bladder) to drain the urine.

94
Q

Size of prostate gland

A

Walnut

95
Q

Prostatic malignancy

A

Prostate cancer is common. Venous blood from the prostate passes into a plexus of veins which lie anterior to the sacrum and communicate with veins which run up to the azygos vein in the chest. These veins communicate with veins in the vertebral bodies which explains why prostate cancer commonly metastasises to the vertebrae.

The prostate can be examined during a digital rectal exam (DRE), also known as a ‘per rectum’ exam (PR). This involves pushing a gloved and lubricated finger into the rectum via the anus and flexing it anteriorly to palpate the prostate which sits immediately anterior to the anal canal and rectum. A clinician can feel the size, contour and firmness of the prostate during this examination, and this can help guide diagnosis. A hard, craggy prostate is concerning for malignancy.

96
Q

Why does prostate cancer spread to the vertebral bodies

A

Venous blood from the prostate passes into a plexus of veins which lie anterior to the sacrum and communicate with veins which run up to the azygos vein in the chest. These veins communicate with veins in the vertebral bodies which explains why prostate cancer commonly metastasises to the vertebrae.

97
Q

Why does testicular cancer spread to the para-aortic and retroperitoneal lymph nodes first

A

will likely follow the lymphatic drainage which follows the testicular arteries back to lymph nodes around the aorta. For this reason, testicular cancer metastasises first to the para-aortic or retroperitoneal lymph nodes.

98
Q

Vulva

A

Collective term for all parts of the fetal external genitalia

99
Q

Parts of the vulva

A

Mons pubis
Labia majora
Labia minora
Clitoris
Vestibule
Vaginalis opening
Hymen
Urinary meatus
Vestibular glands

100
Q

Mons pubis

A

Mound of fatty tissue located in front of the pubic symphysis causing an elevation of the hair-bearing skin

101
Q

Labia majora

A

Prominent hair-bearing folds of skin that meet at the mons pubis angeriorly

102
Q

Labia minora

A

Smaller, hairless folds of skin located medial to the labia majora
Fuse together anteriorly to form the hood of the clitoris
Form the boundaries of the vestibule

103
Q

Clitoris

A

Pea-sized, highly sensitive tissue comprised of the erectile corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum
Becomes engorged during sexual arousal

104
Q

Vestibule

A

Area between the labia minora
Contains the vaginal opening, urinary meatus and vestibular glands

105
Q

Vaginal opening (vaginal introitus)

A

Entrance to the vaginalis

106
Q

Hymen

A

Thin membrane partially covering the vaginal opening

107
Q

What can rupture the hymen

A

First episode of sexual intercourse
Exercise
Tampons/ menstrual cups
May be absent

108
Q

Urinary meatus

A

Opening of the urethra
Located posterior to the clitoris but anterior to the vaginal opening

109
Q

Greater vehicular glands (Bartholin’s glands)

A

Located just posterior to vaginal opening and secrete a lubricant into the vagina during sexual arousal

110
Q

Lesser vestibular glands (Skene’s glands)

A

Lie near the urethral opening
Secrete a fluid to lubricate the vaginal opening or urethra , may have an antimicrobial effect

111
Q

What forms the hood of the clitoris

A

Labia minora

112
Q

What forms the boundaries of the vestibule

A

Labia minora

113
Q

What forms the clitoris

A

2 corpora cavernosa
Glans clitoris

114
Q

Corpora cavernosa in females

A

Symmetrical
Run along the left and right ischial rami to converge in the midline
Crura- attachments to ischial rami

115
Q

What forms the body of the clitoris

A

Distal parts of the corpora cavernosa

116
Q

Corpus spongiosum in females

A

Lies in midline on the perineal membrane
Split into 2 parts that flank the vaginal opening

117
Q

Bulbs of the vestibule/clitoris

A

2 parts of corpus spongiosum that flank the vaginal opening

118
Q

Glans clitoris

A

Anterior parts of the bulbs of the vestibule form the glans clitoris in the mjdkine

119
Q

Bulbospongiosus muscle function in females

A

Force blood into the glans clitoris
Helps to maintain clitorial erection and constricts around the vaginal orifice which can help expression of fluid from the greater vestibular glands

120
Q

Function of ischiocavernosus muscle in females

A

Forces blood from the crura into the body of the clitoris

121
Q

Arterial supply to clitoris

A

Internal pudendal arteries - deep arteries of the clitoris and arteries of the bulb of the vestibule

122
Q

Innervation of erectile tissues of clitoris

A

Parasympathetic nerves

123
Q

How many nerves innervate the vulva

A

4

124
Q

4 nerves that innervate the vulva

A

Ilioinguinal nerve
Genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve
Pudendal nerve
Posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh

125
Q

Contents of the female pelvis

A

Ovaries
Uterus
Uterine tubes
Cervix
Part of the vagina
Bladder
Rectum

126
Q

Size of ovaries

A

Almond shaped
4cm long
2cm wide

127
Q

Location of ovaries

A

Attached to the posterior aspect of the broad ligament by a short mesentery (mesovarium)
Position not fixed but frequently lie in the ovarian fossa

128
Q

What forms the ovarian fossa

A

Angle between the internal and external iliac arteries

129
Q

Mesovarium

A

A short mesentery that attaches the ovaries to the broad ligament

130
Q

What are in close relation to the ovarian fossa

A

Ureter
Obturator nerve and vessels

131
Q

Shape of uterus

A

Pear-shaped hollow muscular organ
8cm long

132
Q

What does the uterus communicate with laterally

A

Uterine tubes

133
Q

What does the uterus communicate with inferiorly

A

Vagina

134
Q

Parts of uterus

A

Fundus
Body
Cervix

135
Q

Body of uterus

A

Typically angled anteriorly (ante-flexed)
Rests on the superior surface of the bladder

136
Q

Junction between body of uterus and cervix

A

May be titled anteriorly (anteverted) of posteriorly (retro-verted)

137
Q

What covers the uterus

A

A fold of peritoneum which adheres to itself at the sides of the uterus to form the broad ligamne

138
Q

Rectouterine pouch (Pouch of Douglas)

A

Space behind the uterus but anterior to rectum
Lined with peritoneum

139
Q

What is the deepest point in the peritoneal cavity

A

Rectouterine pouch
- often accumulates with Intraperitoneal fluid or pus

140
Q

What forms the broad ligament

A

Fold of peritoneum at sides of uterus

141
Q

Function of uterine (fallopian) tubes

A

Carry ova from ovaries towards the uterine cavity

142
Q

Length of uterine tubes

A

10cm

143
Q

Structure of uterine tubes

A

Near uterus = narrow isthmus
Laterally = dilated ampulla leading into a funnel-shaped infundibulum

144
Q

Fimbriae

A

Finger -like projections of the infundibulum of the uterine tubes which drape over the ovary

145
Q

Where are the uterine tubes located

A

Upper border of broad ligament

146
Q

Internal os

A

The cervical canal communicates with the uterine cavity

147
Q

External os

A

The cervical canal communicates with the bagine

148
Q

Vaginal fornices

A

Lower part of cervix lies inside the vagina creating a recess around the cervix

149
Q

What stabilised the position of the cervix

A

Tone of the Levator ani muscle and ligaments which run from the lateral wall of the cervix to the lateral pelvic wall at the base of the broad ligament

150
Q

Length of vagina

A

10cm

151
Q

Where does the upper 2/3 of the vagina lie

A

Pelvic cavity

152
Q

Where does the lower 1/3 vagina lie

A

Perineum

153
Q

What is the vagina closely related together

A

Bladder anteriorly
Urethra often embedded in anterior wall of lower 1/3 vagina

154
Q

Function of vagina

A

Excretory duct of the uterus

155
Q

Location of vagina

A

Bordered superiorly by cervix
Terminates below at the introitus by opening into the vestibule between the labia minora
Passes through the pelvic floor

156
Q

Arterial supply to the uterus, uterine tubes, cervix, vagina

A

Branches of internal iliac artery

157
Q

Arterial supply to ovaries

A

Ovarian artery

158
Q

Ovarian artery

A

Direct branch of abdominal aorta
Also contributed to blood supply of uterine tubes

159
Q

Endometriosis

A

Endometriosis is a condition in which endometrial tissue, which lines the inside of the uterus, is found outside the uterus. Most commonly these endometrial deposits affect the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterine ligaments and rectouterine pouch. Rarely, endometrial tissue is found outside the pelvis, even in distant sites such as the thorax. The cause is not fully understood but it can lead to painful periods, heavy bleeding during periods, chronic pelvic pain, and pain during intercourse. Endometriosis can make it difficult to conceive. It is formally diagnosed by taking biopsies during surgical exploration of the pelvis (diagnostic laparoscopy).

160
Q

Fibroids

A

These are benign growths of the uterus which may be asymptomatic or cause varied symptoms, including painful and heavy periods. They vary in size and may grow very large. They may grow into the lumen of the uterus and make it difficult to conceive.

161
Q

Gynaecological cancer

A

Cancer can affect the ovaries, uterus, cervix, vagina, and vulva. Symptoms may include pelvic pain, abnormal vaginal discharge, abnormal vaginal bleeding (bleeding between periods, after intercourse or after the menopause), urinary disturbance, abdominal swelling, and more non-specific symptoms of malignancy such as fatigue and weight loss.

162
Q

Ovarian cancer

A

often diagnosed late as symptoms tend to be non-specific, including abdominal bloating, pelvic pain, loss of appetite and weight loss. Uterine cancer typically presents with abnormal vaginal bleeding, for example, bleeding between periods, heavier periods than usual or bleeding after the menopause.

163
Q

Cervical cancer

A

typically presents with abnormal vaginal bleeding, including bleeding between periods, after the menopause or after intercourse. Most cases of cervical cancer are caused by infection with specific types of human papillomavirus (HPV). In the UK, females aged 25-64 are regularly invited for a cervical screening (cervical smear test) as part of the cervical cancer screening programme. This involves taking a sample of cells from the cervix to see if these specific types of human papillomavirus (HPV) are present. Children in the UK are offered the HPV vaccine to prevent against these viruses and the chances of developing cervical cancer.

164
Q

Hysterectomy

A

hysterectomy is the surgical removal of the uterus. There are several types of hysterectomies, each with its own surgical approach and purpose. The most common type of hysterectomy, a total hysterectomy, involves the removal of the entire uterus, including the cervix and uterine tubes. A hysterectomy may be recommended for a variety of reasons, including uterine fibroids, endometriosis, uterine prolapse, and endometrial hyperplasia.

165
Q

Ectopic pregnancy

A

Fertilisation usually occurs in one of the uterine tubes and the zygote is swept down the tube by ciliated cells, towards the body of the uterus where it implants as a blastocyst in the endometrium. An ectopic pregnancy occurs when the blastocyst implants outside the body of the uterus. The uterine tube is the most common place for an ectopic pregnancy to implant. The uterine tube cannot stretch to accommodate a growing embryo and so may rupture as the pregnancy progresses in the weeks after conception. This can cause significant pain and internal bleeding and may be life-threatening. A tubal pregnancy cannot progress, and surgery is often required to remove the pregnancy from the uterine tube.

166
Q

Sterilisation - females

A

Female sterilisation involves interrupting the uterine tubes so that the sperm and egg cannot meet. It is usually performed laparoscopically and is achieved either by using devices to clamp the tubes shut or by removing a small segment of tube.

167
Q

Female genital mutilation (FGM)

A

This takes many forms, and may include removal of the clitoris, removal of the labia minora, and/or narrowing the entrance to the vagina. FGM can cause serious problems including chronic pain, infections, painful intercourse, complications in labour, emotional trauma, and mental health problems. In the UK, it is illegal to perform FGM or to take a girl to another country for FGM to be performed.

168
Q

Pathway of sperm

A

Testis
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Seminal vesicle
Ejaculatory duct
Urethra

169
Q

Non-gravis uterus

A

Never been pregnant

170
Q

How long does it take for the uterus to shrink after giving birth

A

6 weeks

171
Q

Advantage of tortuous urterine artery

A

Can be stretched out when pregnant

172
Q

Common site of fertilisation of egg

A

Ampulla of uterine tube

173
Q

At what level does the testicular artery branch from the abdominal aorta

A

L2

174
Q

A gynaecologist is performing a laparoscopic hysterectomy (removal of the uterus). He is conscious of avoiding injury to a structure that passes in close proximity to the vaginal fornices.

Which structure is he most likely vigilant of?

A

Ureter

175
Q

What is the round ligament an embryological remnant of

A

Ovarian gubernaculum

176
Q

Ovarian gubernaculum in men

A

Shortens in biological men to pull the testes through the inguinal canal

177
Q

What connects the cervix to the lateral pelvic wall

A

Cardinal ligament

Genitourinary Anatomy (3 decks)

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