Male And Female External Genitalia And Pelvic Organs Flashcards

Question

Dartos muscle

Answer 1

Thin involuntary muscle in scrotum

Answer 2

Extends between the testes to form a septum, dividing the scrotum into left and right halves

Answer 3

Superficial fascia

Answer 4

Testis Epididymis Distal part of spermatic cord

Answer 5

Produced sperm Secrete testosterone

Answer 6

Ovoid structures Covered by 3 same layer of spermatic fascia that cover the spermatic cord (external spermatic fascia, cremaster fascia, internal spermatic fascia) Also surrounded by a sac called the tunica vaginalis

Answer 7

Sac derived from peritoneum around testes

Answer 8

Coiled tube lying along the posterior border of each testis Expanded head superiorly A body and pointed tail lying at the lower like of the testis

Answer 9

Store spermatozoa

Answer 10

Carries sperm from the epididymis and travels with the testicular vessels in the spermatic cord

Answer 11

Direct branches of abdominal artery

Answer 12

Enters the pampiniform venous plexus

Answer 13

Forms the testicular vein

Answer 14

Inferior vena cava

Answer 15

Left renal vein

Answer 16

2 corpora cavernosa dorsally 1 corpus spongiosum ventrally

Answer 17

Dorsally on penis (top)

Answer 18

Ventrally (bottom)

Answer 19

A deep fascia of the penis which encloses the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum

Answer 20

End of the penis Expansion of the corpus spongiosum

Answer 21

Circular base of the glans

Answer 22

Skin of the shaft of the penis which extends over the glans

Answer 23

Removal of the foreskin due to religious, social or medical reasons

Answer 24

Symmetrical and originate along the left and right ischial rami to converge in the midline Distally- contribute to body of the oenis

Answer 25

Parts of the corpora cavernosa that are attached to the ischial rami

Answer 26

Sits in the midline Extended part proximally which rests in the perineal membrane (bulb of the penis)

Answer 27

The name of the part of the corpus spongiosum that is attached to the perineal membrane

Answer 28

Within the corpus spongiosum

Answer 29

External urethral meatus

Answer 30

Carries semen and urine

Answer 31

Ischiocavernosus muscles

Answer 32

Bulbospongiosus muscle

Answer 33

Forces blood into the body if the penis from the crura

Answer 34

Forces blood into the glans penis Assists in maintaining erection by compressing the veins that drain erectile tissue Contracts to squeeze any remaining urine or semen from the urethra

Answer 35

Internal pudendal arteries branches - deep artery of the penis and artery of the bulb of the penis

Answer 36

Internal iliac arteries

Answer 37

Dorsal nerve of penis — branch of pudendal nerve

Answer 38

Peri-prostatic nerve plexus

Answer 39

Parasympathetic nerve fibres from the peri-prostatic nerve plexus dilate the arteries of the corpora so it becomes engorged with blood

Answer 40

Pudendal nerve (S2-S4)

Answer 41

Shaft Corona Glans

Answer 42

Corpora cavernosa

Answer 43

Engorged with blood to a lesser extent Prevent urethra from being compressed - would prevent ejaculation

Answer 44

Intra-abdominal parts of the paired vasa deferentia Seminal vesicles Ejaculatory ducts Bulbo-urethral glands Bladder Rectum

Answer 45

Carries sperm from the epididymis up the spermatic cord and through the inguinal canal into the pelvis

Answer 46

From the deep inguinal ring, passes across the side wall of the pelvis Turns medially onto the back of the bladder Terminated by joining the duct of the seminal vesicle to form ejaculatory duct

Answer 47

Dilated portion which lies medial to the seminal vesicle

Answer 48

Vas deferens Seminal vesicle

Answer 49

Branches of internal iliac artery

Answer 50

Lobulated sac Lies lateral to ampulla of vas deferens

Answer 51

Secrete a thick alkaline fluid which forms the bulk of the semen

Answer 52

Pierces the back of the prostate gland to enter the prostatic urethra

Answer 53

Roughly spherical fibromusclar gland Size of a walnut

Answer 54

Lies against the neck of the bladder

Answer 55

Ejaculatory ducts and urethra

Answer 56

Secretions are added to semen during ejaculation

Answer 57

This is a painless scrotal swelling caused by accumulation of peritoneal fluid between the layers of the tunica vaginalis around the testis. When a light is shone through a hydrocoele, it can be seen from the other side. This is called ‘transillumination’ and is often used in diagnosis of scrotal swellings.

Answer 58

This is an abnormal dilation of the pampiniform venous plexus which causes a scrotal swelling. Varicoceles are often described as feeling like a ‘bag of worms’ on palpation, due to the dilated veins. They are much more common on the left side because the left testicular vein drains into the left renal vein before it drains into the inferior vena cava. Because of this, development of a left-sided varicocele may be caused by obstruction of the left renal vein.

Answer 59

This condition is a painful inflammation of the epididymis and testis. Epididymo-orchitis in sexually active patients is very often caused by a sexually transmitted infection such as chlamydia or gonorrhoea. It may also be caused by a urinary tract infection.

Answer 60

This is caused by twisting of the testis on the spermatic cord, which can lead to ischaemia of the testis and represents a surgical emergency. Patient’s often present suddenly with a very painful and tender testis which may be positioned higher or at an unusual angle. If left untreated, it can lead to necrosis and loss of the affected testis.

Answer 61

During foetal development, the testes form in the abdomen and descend through the inguinal canal to reach the scrotum before birth. If this fails to occur, the infant is born with one or both testes absent from the scrotum, and the affected testis will be stuck somewhere along the path of descent. As spermatogenesis is optimal just below core body temperature, the testes will only function correctly if they are in the scrotum. Additionally, there is an increased risk of testicular cancer if the undescended testis is left inside the abdomen. For these reasons, undescended testes are often brought into the scrotum surgically.

Answer 62

Cancer of the testis is an important diagnosis to consider in any scrotal lump or swelling. The prognosis is excellent if detected and treated early, usually with surgery to remove the testis and part of the spermatic cord (orchidectomy) plus chemotherapy or radiotherapy if required. In the same way that females are advised to examine their breasts for lumps on a regular basis, males should regularly examine their testes for lumps and seek medical advice from their GP if they are concerned about a new lump. If a testicular cancer metastasises, it will likely follow the lymphatic drainage which follows the testicular arteries back to lymph nodes around the aorta. For this reason, testicular cancer metastasises first to the para-aortic or retroperitoneal lymph nodes.

Answer 63

Vasectomy is a means of male sterilisation (permanent male contraception). It is considered a relatively straightforward surgical procedure where the scrotum is incised and the vasa deferentia are located on each side. They are then ligated, cauterised or clamped to prevent the passage of sperm from the testes.

Answer 64

Historically referred to as impotence, erectile dysfunction describes the inability to achieve or maintain an erection during sexual activity. It is common and will affect most males at some point. As achieving and maintaining an erection relies on intact nerve pathways and reflexes, controlled blood flow in and out of the corpora of the penis, and psychological arousal, a problem with any of these may lead to erectile dysfunction. Management includes identifying the cause and treating that or using medications such as sildenafil (Viagra) which increase blood flow into the corpora of the penis.

Answer 65

The prostate gland completely encircles the urethra. With progressing age, benign enlargement of the prostate is common and is called ‘benign prostatic hyperplasia’ (BPH) or ‘benign prostatic enlargement’ (BPE). This may lead to compression of the urethra and the inability to pass any urine - called urinary retention - which requires catheterisation (insertion of a catheter into the bladder) to drain the urine.

Answer 66

Prostate cancer is common. Venous blood from the prostate passes into a plexus of veins which lie anterior to the sacrum and communicate with veins which run up to the azygos vein in the chest. These veins communicate with veins in the vertebral bodies which explains why prostate cancer commonly metastasises to the vertebrae. The prostate can be examined during a digital rectal exam (DRE), also known as a ‘per rectum’ exam (PR). This involves pushing a gloved and lubricated finger into the rectum via the anus and flexing it anteriorly to palpate the prostate which sits immediately anterior to the anal canal and rectum. A clinician can feel the size, contour and firmness of the prostate during this examination, and this can help guide diagnosis. A hard, craggy prostate is concerning for malignancy.

Answer 67

Venous blood from the prostate passes into a plexus of veins which lie anterior to the sacrum and communicate with veins which run up to the azygos vein in the chest. These veins communicate with veins in the vertebral bodies which explains why prostate cancer commonly metastasises to the vertebrae.

Answer 68

will likely follow the lymphatic drainage which follows the testicular arteries back to lymph nodes around the aorta. For this reason, testicular cancer metastasises first to the para-aortic or retroperitoneal lymph nodes.

Answer 69

Collective term for all parts of the fetal external genitalia

Answer 70

Mons pubis Labia majora Labia minora Clitoris Vestibule Vaginalis opening Hymen Urinary meatus Vestibular glands

Answer 71

Mound of fatty tissue located in front of the pubic symphysis causing an elevation of the hair-bearing skin

Answer 72

Prominent hair-bearing folds of skin that meet at the mons pubis angeriorly

Answer 73

Smaller, hairless folds of skin located medial to the labia majora Fuse together anteriorly to form the hood of the clitoris Form the boundaries of the vestibule

Answer 74

Pea-sized, highly sensitive tissue comprised of the erectile corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum Becomes engorged during sexual arousal

Answer 75

Area between the labia minora Contains the vaginal opening, urinary meatus and vestibular glands

Answer 76

Entrance to the vaginalis

Answer 77

Thin membrane partially covering the vaginal opening

Answer 78

First episode of sexual intercourse Exercise Tampons/ menstrual cups May be absent

Answer 79

Opening of the urethra Located posterior to the clitoris but anterior to the vaginal opening

Answer 80

Located just posterior to vaginal opening and secrete a lubricant into the vagina during sexual arousal

Answer 81

Lie near the urethral opening Secrete a fluid to lubricate the vaginal opening or urethra , may have an antimicrobial effect

Answer 82

Labia minora

Answer 83

Labia minora

Answer 84

2 corpora cavernosa Glans clitoris

Answer 85

Symmetrical Run along the left and right ischial rami to converge in the midline Crura- attachments to ischial rami

Answer 86

Distal parts of the corpora cavernosa

Answer 87

Lies in midline on the perineal membrane Split into 2 parts that flank the vaginal opening

Answer 88

2 parts of corpus spongiosum that flank the vaginal opening

Answer 89

Anterior parts of the bulbs of the vestibule form the glans clitoris in the mjdkine

Answer 90

Force blood into the glans clitoris Helps to maintain clitorial erection and constricts around the vaginal orifice which can help expression of fluid from the greater vestibular glands

Answer 91

Forces blood from the crura into the body of the clitoris

Answer 92

Internal pudendal arteries - deep arteries of the clitoris and arteries of the bulb of the vestibule

Answer 93

Parasympathetic nerves

Answer 94

Ilioinguinal nerve Genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve Pudendal nerve Posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh

Answer 95

Ovaries Uterus Uterine tubes Cervix Part of the vagina Bladder Rectum

Answer 96

Almond shaped 4cm long 2cm wide

Answer 97

Attached to the posterior aspect of the broad ligament by a short mesentery (mesovarium) Position not fixed but frequently lie in the ovarian fossa

Answer 98

Angle between the internal and external iliac arteries

Answer 99

A short mesentery that attaches the ovaries to the broad ligament

Answer 100

Ureter Obturator nerve and vessels

Answer 101

Pear-shaped hollow muscular organ 8cm long

Answer 102

Uterine tubes

Answer 103

Fundus Body Cervix

Answer 104

Typically angled anteriorly (ante-flexed) Rests on the superior surface of the bladder

Answer 105

May be titled anteriorly (anteverted) of posteriorly (retro-verted)

Answer 106

A fold of peritoneum which adheres to itself at the sides of the uterus to form the broad ligamne

Answer 107

Space behind the uterus but anterior to rectum Lined with peritoneum

Answer 108

Rectouterine pouch - often accumulates with Intraperitoneal fluid or pus

Answer 109

Fold of peritoneum at sides of uterus

Answer 110

Carry ova from ovaries towards the uterine cavity

Answer 111

Near uterus = narrow isthmus Laterally = dilated ampulla leading into a funnel-shaped infundibulum

Answer 112

Finger -like projections of the infundibulum of the uterine tubes which drape over the ovary

Answer 113

Upper border of broad ligament

Answer 114

The cervical canal communicates with the uterine cavity

Answer 115

The cervical canal communicates with the bagine

Answer 116

Lower part of cervix lies inside the vagina creating a recess around the cervix

Answer 117

Tone of the Levator ani muscle and ligaments which run from the lateral wall of the cervix to the lateral pelvic wall at the base of the broad ligament

Answer 118

Pelvic cavity

Answer 119

Bladder anteriorly Urethra often embedded in anterior wall of lower 1/3 vagina

Answer 120

Excretory duct of the uterus

Answer 121

Bordered superiorly by cervix Terminates below at the introitus by opening into the vestibule between the labia minora Passes through the pelvic floor

Answer 122

Branches of internal iliac artery

Answer 123

Ovarian artery

Answer 124

Direct branch of abdominal aorta Also contributed to blood supply of uterine tubes

Answer 125

Endometriosis is a condition in which endometrial tissue, which lines the inside of the uterus, is found outside the uterus. Most commonly these endometrial deposits affect the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterine ligaments and rectouterine pouch. Rarely, endometrial tissue is found outside the pelvis, even in distant sites such as the thorax. The cause is not fully understood but it can lead to painful periods, heavy bleeding during periods, chronic pelvic pain, and pain during intercourse. Endometriosis can make it difficult to conceive. It is formally diagnosed by taking biopsies during surgical exploration of the pelvis (diagnostic laparoscopy).

Answer 126

These are benign growths of the uterus which may be asymptomatic or cause varied symptoms, including painful and heavy periods. They vary in size and may grow very large. They may grow into the lumen of the uterus and make it difficult to conceive.

Answer 127

Cancer can affect the ovaries, uterus, cervix, vagina, and vulva. Symptoms may include pelvic pain, abnormal vaginal discharge, abnormal vaginal bleeding (bleeding between periods, after intercourse or after the menopause), urinary disturbance, abdominal swelling, and more non-specific symptoms of malignancy such as fatigue and weight loss.

Answer 128

often diagnosed late as symptoms tend to be non-specific, including abdominal bloating, pelvic pain, loss of appetite and weight loss. Uterine cancer typically presents with abnormal vaginal bleeding, for example, bleeding between periods, heavier periods than usual or bleeding after the menopause.

Answer 129

typically presents with abnormal vaginal bleeding, including bleeding between periods, after the menopause or after intercourse. Most cases of cervical cancer are caused by infection with specific types of human papillomavirus (HPV). In the UK, females aged 25-64 are regularly invited for a cervical screening (cervical smear test) as part of the cervical cancer screening programme. This involves taking a sample of cells from the cervix to see if these specific types of human papillomavirus (HPV) are present. Children in the UK are offered the HPV vaccine to prevent against these viruses and the chances of developing cervical cancer.

Answer 130

hysterectomy is the surgical removal of the uterus. There are several types of hysterectomies, each with its own surgical approach and purpose. The most common type of hysterectomy, a total hysterectomy, involves the removal of the entire uterus, including the cervix and uterine tubes. A hysterectomy may be recommended for a variety of reasons, including uterine fibroids, endometriosis, uterine prolapse, and endometrial hyperplasia.

Answer 131

Fertilisation usually occurs in one of the uterine tubes and the zygote is swept down the tube by ciliated cells, towards the body of the uterus where it implants as a blastocyst in the endometrium. An ectopic pregnancy occurs when the blastocyst implants outside the body of the uterus. The uterine tube is the most common place for an ectopic pregnancy to implant. The uterine tube cannot stretch to accommodate a growing embryo and so may rupture as the pregnancy progresses in the weeks after conception. This can cause significant pain and internal bleeding and may be life-threatening. A tubal pregnancy cannot progress, and surgery is often required to remove the pregnancy from the uterine tube.

Answer 132

Female sterilisation involves interrupting the uterine tubes so that the sperm and egg cannot meet. It is usually performed laparoscopically and is achieved either by using devices to clamp the tubes shut or by removing a small segment of tube.

Answer 133

This takes many forms, and may include removal of the clitoris, removal of the labia minora, and/or narrowing the entrance to the vagina. FGM can cause serious problems including chronic pain, infections, painful intercourse, complications in labour, emotional trauma, and mental health problems. In the UK, it is illegal to perform FGM or to take a girl to another country for FGM to be performed.

Answer 134

Testis Epididymis Vas deferens Seminal vesicle Ejaculatory duct Urethra

Answer 135

Never been pregnant

Answer 136

Can be stretched out when pregnant

Answer 137

Ampulla of uterine tube

Answer 138

Ovarian gubernaculum

Answer 139

Shortens in biological men to pull the testes through the inguinal canal

Answer 140

Cardinal ligament