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3rd Year Sem1 Ag science > Male and Female > Flashcards

Male and Female Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Function of the Ovaries

A

Produce Gametes

produces hormones

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2
Q

Function of the Oviducts

A

Gamete transport
site of fertilisation (Ampulla and Isthmus junction)
pre attachment and embryo development

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3
Q

Function of Uterus

A

sperm transport
supports pregnancy
fetus expulsion
hormones

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4
Q

Function of Cervix

A

physical barrier
mucus secretion
plug during pregancy

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5
Q

what are organs of copulation in the female reproductive tract?

A

Vagina, Vestibule and Vulva

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6
Q

What are the 3 physical barries of the FM repro tract?

A

1- vulva
2-cervix
3-

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7
Q

3 parts to the oviduct

A

isthumus
ampulla
infundibulum

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8
Q

What is the ovarian bursa

A

tissue attached to the ovary that helps guide to infundibulum at ovulation

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9
Q

Layers of the uterus

A

Endometrium (mucus + subucosa)
Myometrium (inner circular and outer longitudinal)
Perimetium (serosa)

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10
Q

Function of the endometrium

A

Secretion thet increase the development of embryo and increase the survival of sperm

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11
Q

What are the basic components of the Male Reproductive tract

A 
Spermatic cord
Scrotum
Testis
Excurrent duct system
Accessory glands
Penis and mucsles
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12
Q

Accessory Sex glands

A

Ampullae
prostate
Seminal Vesicle
Bulbourethral

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13
Q

What are the 3 classifications of the male reproductive tract

A

Primary sex organs
Secondary sex organs
Accessory Sex organs

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14
Q

What is parts are involved in sperm production

A

Testis- production
Epidydimus Head& body- maturation
Epididymus tail - Storage
Accessory sex glands- fluid and transport
Penis- erection, prostrusion, emmission and ejaculation

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15
Q

What is the spermatic cord made or and what does of and what does it do?

A

Suspends testis
houses vasular, lymp and nerves

Houses:
Ductuds deference (transport sperm)
Cremaster muscle
Pampiniform plexus

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16
Q

what helps with thermoregulation of the testis?

A

Sweat glands & theremo sensitive nerves in skin
tunica dartus- pulls estis up to keep warm or down to cool off
Pampiniform plexus (blood heat exchanger)
Cremaster muscle- pumping motion to encourage blood flow

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17
Q

How much below body temperature does the testis need to be?

A

4-6C

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18
Q

What can occur when testi become to hot

A
  • lower motility in sperm

- reduces embryo survival (DNA)

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19
Q

Name the layers of the scrotum

A 
Skin (outside)
Tunica Dartos 
Scrotal Fasica
Parietal vaginal tunic
Visical Vaginal Tunic
Tunica Albuginea
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20
Q

What are the two different types of penis’

A

Fiberelastic penis- (has sigmoid flexure)

Musculo-carernous penis (diamertre increases when erect)

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21
Q

What are the muscles involved in ejaulation?

A

Urethralis
ischiocarvernosous
bulbospongeosous
Retractor penis muscle (relaxes)

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22
Q

What’s a neuro endocrine reaction

A

A nerural stimulus that will result in the release of a hormon

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23
Q

Define a hormone

A

Chemical that is released by special cells carried through the blood to carry out a performance on another cell

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24
Q

Characteristics of a hormone

A 
small amounts req.
bind specific
short 1/2 lives
feedback based
indirect or direst influence
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25
Q

What are the classifications of hormones

A

Type (biochemical)
Source (location)
Mode of action (function)

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26
Q

Types of Biochemical hormones and example

A 
Neuropeptide
Glycopeptide
Proteins
Steriods
Prostoglandins
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27
Q

Neuroppetide hormone

A

GnRH

Oxytocin

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28
Q

Glycoprotein Hormone

A

FSH
Inhibin
LH

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29
Q

Protein Hormone

A

Prolacten

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30
Q

Steriod Hormones

A

Oestrogen
Testosteron
Progesteron

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31
Q

Prodtogandins Hormones

A

Proglastoglandin

PGF2 alpha

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32
Q

The source clssification of Hormones

A 
Gonadal
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Uterine
Placental
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33
Q

Placental Hormone

A

progestagen Relaxin

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34
Q

Uterine Hormones

A

Prostoglandin

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35
Q

Gonadal Hormones

A

Testosteron, eostrogen

Inhibin

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36
Q

Pituitary Hormones

A

FSH, LH

Growth hormone

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37
Q

Hypothalamin Hormones

A

GnRH, Oxytocin

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38
Q

Two centres in the hypothalamus

A 
Surge centre (FM)
Tonic Centre (FM and M)
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39
Q

Classification based on action

A 
Neurohormones
Gonadotrohpins
Pregnancy maintenance
Luteolytic 
Hormone stimulation
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40
Q

What hormonal feedbak systems are present in the FM and M

A

Male has neg onlu

Female has pos and neg

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41
Q

Describe defeminisation

A

It occours in the male only and its the non development of the SURGE centre

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42
Q

What hormone is responsible for defeminisation

A

Eostrogen BUT once it has been converted from Testosterone by Aromatase

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43
Q

Can Oestrogen pass the Blood brain barrier? Why/Why not?

A

It cant as it attaches to alphaFP

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44
Q

Define Puberty

A

FM- age at which a female can support pregnancy

M- Age when it produces enough viable sperm for successful sertilisation

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45
Q

Factors effecting the development of hypothalamus in FM

A

Nutritional
Environmental
Social Cues

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46
Q

What are Nutritional limitations to Hypothalamus development in Feasls

A

Body size

Glucose fatty acid inhibitors

47
Q

Envrionmental influences of puberty

A

Season of birth (day length/night length)

Breed

48
Q

Soicial factors influencing puberty

A

presence/absence of opposite sex during pre-puberty
Population density
Male exposure

49
Q

Stages of Male reproductive behaviour

A

Precopulatory
Copulatory
Post copulatory

50
Q

Precopulatory behaviour in males

A 
Search for partner
Courtship
Sexual arousal
erection
penile protusion
51
Q

Copulatory Behaviour

A

Mounting
Intromission
Ejaculation

52
Q

Postcopulatory Behaviour

A

Dismount
Refactory Period (sperm recovery)
Memory

53
Q

Classifications of Cyclicity

A

Polyoestrus- regular whole year round
Seasonally- regular during certain times of the year
Monoestrus- Only occurs once-sh a year (dog)

54
Q

What are the Phases of Oestrus Cycle

A

Follicular (development of follicles)

Luteal (persistance of Corpus Luteum)

55
Q

Stages of Oestrus

A

Pro oestrus
Oestrus
Met oestrus
Di oestrus

56
Q

What part of the cycle do femals allow mating?

A

Oestrus

57
Q

Hormone changes through stages of Oestrus

A

Pro- Progesteron dominance to eostrogen dominance
Oestrus- E2 dominant
Met- Progesteron dominace transition
Di- Progesteron dominate

58
Q

What is anoestrus

A

Period of which they don’t cycle

59
Q

Types of Anoestrus

A

Nutritional
Lactational
Gestational
Seasonal

60
Q

Difference between true and apparent anoestrus

A

True- is when there is NO ovarian function

Apparent- is due to pregancy or undetected oestrus

61
Q

How does seasonality effect cyclicity

A

The phyto period or day length influences the amount of Melatonin produced.
(only released at night)
This has an effect of GnRH release and therefore effects cyclicity

62
Q

Define Polyoestrus

A

Uniform distribution of cycles throughout the year

63
Q

Define Seasonally Polyoestrus?

A

cycle occurs evenly only during a certain season

64
Q

Define mono oestrus

A

only cycles once per year

65
Q

What stages are during the follicular phase?

A

Proestrus

oestrus

66
Q

What stages are during the luteal phase?

A

Metoestrus

Dioestrus

67
Q

What are the Phases of the follicular development?

A

Recruitment
Selection
Dominance
Atresia

68
Q

What activates the preovulatory GnRH surge?

A

HIGH oestradiol

LOW progesterone

69
Q

What hormone creates positive feed back?

A

Increased levels of Oestrodiol

70
Q

What hormone creates negative feedback?

A

Increased level of Progesterone

71
Q

How does PGF2alpha get to the ovary? cattle and sheep

Mare

A

In cattle and sheep it is done through the vasular counter current exchange mechanism as PGF2alpha is low molecular weight

In the mare the PGF2alpha moves through the vascular system of the whole body.

72
Q

Where is the PGF2alpha produced?

A

produced by the endometrium

73
Q

How does the PGF2alpha transported through the vascular counter current mechanism?

A

Enters the uterine vein and lymph vessels

then it diffuses into the ovarian artery which lies in close association with the utero-ovarian vein

74
Q

What is the nerve pathway that results in the emission and ejaculation?

A

1- intomission
2- sensory stimulation of the glans penis (temperature and pressure)
3- sent to the spinal cord and results in sudden and powerful contractions of the Urethralis bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus muscle
4- expulsion of semen

75
Q

what are the processes of spermatogenisis

A

Miotic divisions (spermatogonia)

Meiosis (primary and secondary spermatocytes)

Meiosis 2 differentiation- (spermatozoa)

76
Q

define spermatogenesis

A

is all processes that is occur mitotic meiotic and differentiation

77
Q

Define spermatocytogenesis

A

is the process of producing spermatocytes from spermatogonia

78
Q

Define Spermiogenesis

A

conversion of spermatids to spermatozoa (differentiation phase)

79
Q

Define Spermiation

A

release of fully formed spermatozoa into the lumen

80
Q

Maternal recognition of the sheep and cow

A

INF t is produced by the blastocyte/embryo
Blocks Oxytocin receptors
Blocking the PGF2alpha release

81
Q

Maternal recognition of the swine

A

oestrodiol control modifies the PGF2alpha secretion

82
Q

Maternal recognition in equine

A

presence and migration of the conceptus

83
Q

What is Placenta?

A

Organ of metabolic interface
Endocrine organ
Maternal and fetal components

84
Q

What are the 2 types of placental classification?

A

Layers (based on the number of layers)

Distribution of Villi

85
Q

What are the layers of a placenta?

A

Fetal Side:
Chronic capillaries
Chronic interstitium
Chronic epithelium

Maternal side
Endometrial capillaries
Endometrial interstitium
Endometrial epithelium

86
Q

What is the ruminant placenta classified as in layers?

A

epitheliochorial

Syndesmochorial

87
Q

What are the classifications of placenta based on villi?

A

Diffuse
Zonary
Discoid
Cotyledonary

88
Q

Define Diffuse placenta and example

A

when there are any small villi all over the placenta

Mare and Sow

89
Q

Describe Zonary placenta

A

there is only a round section around the placenta

example dog and cat

90
Q

Describe discoid placenta

A

a round section of villi

rodents and primates

91
Q

Describe cotyledonary placenta

A

large discs

ruminants

92
Q

What are the stages of parturition?

A

Stage 1- initiation of myometrial contractions
Stage 2- Expulsion of Fetus
Stage 3- Expulsion of fetal membranes

93
Q

What is the first stage of parturition?

A

Initiation of myometrial contractions

94
Q

What is the second stage of parturition?

A

Expulsion of the fetus

95
Q

What is the third stage of parturition

A

Expulsion of the fetal membrane

96
Q

explain the initiation of parturition

A

Fetal stress/movement initiates fetal cortisol to be released
which initaites PGF2alpha relaxin and estrogon that result in myometrial contractions and the release of oxytocin

97
Q

INITIATION OF PARTURITION EOSTROGEN

A

Placental P4 is transformed into E2

The E2 initiates the myometrial contractions and which stimultes the cyrvix to release oxytocin creating maximum pressur e

ALSO LUBRICATES

98
Q

Describe Fergusons reflex

A

Neuro endocrine reaction
1- fetus stimulates sensory neurons within the cervix
2-sends message to the paraventrical nucleus
3-oxytocin is released from the posterior pituitary
4- oxytocin = myometrium contactions

99
Q

What is Puerperium?

A

Its the period after pregnancy where the body repairs the uterus and ovarian activity resumes

LASTS UNTIL FUNCTION AND REPAIR IS COMPLETE

100
Q

what are the 4 major events in Puerperium?

A

Myometrial contractions
endometrium repair
elimination of bacteria
resumption of ovarian function

101
Q

What is lochial discharge?

A

its a blood tinged fluid that is excreted made up of fetal membranes and endometrial tissue

NORMAL unless it smells can last up to 2-10 days
(no more after 14 in dairy cows)

102
Q

Describe the growth mammary glands pre and post puberty

A

pre- isometric growth (grows at the same rate as the rest of the body)
post- allometric growth

103
Q

Hormone transition in the Proestrus stage

A

Progesteron P4 to Oestrogen Dominance

104
Q

Describe Oestrus stage of the cycle including dominate hormone

A

Eostrogen E2 is dominat
This is the stage where females allow mating
Lordosis = standing Oestrus

105
Q

Descrbe Metoestrus

A

The transition of E2 (eostrogen) Dominance to Progesteron P4 dominance
Begins at Ovulation and ends at the formation of functional CL

106
Q

Describe Dioestrus

A

-Progestorone P4 is dominant
-longest stage of cycle
Ends with the D=Death of the CL (luteolysis)

107
Q

What is the difference between Hydrops Allantois and Hydrops Amnion?

A

Hydrops Allontois is a problem with the placenta (maternal)

Hydrops Amnion is a Defective fetus (Fetal problem)

108
Q

What is Pryometra?

A

The infection of the uterus

Mucus and puss

109
Q

Broad ligament has three sections that support different parts of the repro tract name the sections and the part they support

A

Mesovarium- SUpports ovary
Mesosalpinx- supports oviduct
Mesometrium- supports uterus

110
Q

What do the streitoli cells produce?

A

Androgen binding hormone
Sulphate glycoprotein
Inhibin
Transferrin

111
Q

What type of reflex results in the secretion of milk?

A

NeuroEndocrine Reflex

-stimulated by sight sound touch and results in a +ve reaction that stimulates Oxytocin that produces contractions to secrete milk

112
Q

What is the Purpose of Male and Female reproductive analysis?

A

To identify breeding soundness to see if they should be culled
Have problems
Fixable problems

113
Q

Steps involved in reproductive soundness checks?

A

History
Physical exam
Reproductive exam
semen collection anlaysis (males)

114
Q

Whats the importance of scrotal circumference in

A
  • size relates to sperm production
  • bigger that balls the more fertile the female offspring will be
  • bigger the balls the quicker the female offspring will get to puberty
  • repeatable so if its a drastic change you can identify a problem

3rd Year Sem1 Ag science (4 decks)

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