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Repro Exam 1 > Male Anatomy > Flashcards

Male Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is a scrotum?

A

Cutaneous two-lobed sac that surrounds, supports, protects; required for thermoregulation.

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2
Q

Describe thermoregulation of the testes:

A

The Epidermis contains sweat glands and are under the control of the synthetic nervous system; allows for evaporative cooling.
we want the testes to be cooler than the rest of the body in order for spermatogenesis to be effective.

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3
Q

What is the Tunica Dartos?

A

Smooth muscle that draws the testes close to the abdomen when cold and relaxes when its warm; participates in thermoregulation, pushing the testes

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4
Q

What is the scrotal fascia?

A

Connective tissue that is located behind the tunica dartos

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5
Q

What is the parietal tunica vaginalis?

A

Connective tissue that is located behind the scrotal fascia.

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6
Q

What is the vaginal cavity in the testes?

A

An opportunity for the membranes to slide because as the testes move closer or further away from the body, we need the ability for the testes to slide within the scrotum.

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7
Q

How does the scrotum thermoregulate the body?

A

-Radiator=Sweating
-Thermosensor(sympathetic nerves in the skin)
>regulates scrotal sweating
>regulates respiratory rate
If testes are exposed to hot/cold alone it will regulate the body in order to protect the bodies ability to continue the next generation.

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8
Q

What are the testes?

A

They are paired tubular glands; primary reproductive organs in males. Major functions include producing spermatozoa, Hormones(testosterone) and proteins, and some contribution of fluids.

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9
Q

What makes up the testicular capsule?

A

The Visceral tunica vaginalis and the Tunica albuginea

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10
Q

What is the Visceral Tunica Vaginalis?

A

Invagination of abdominal peritoneum; outermost portion of the testes made up of connective tissue

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11
Q

What is the Tunica Albuginea?

A

dense white connective tissue. Encloses testis proper and sender finger-like projections into the parenchyma of the testis; helps maintain the structure of the testes.

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12
Q

What is the parenchyma?

A

The major cellular mass of the testis; where spermatogenesis and hormones are produced.

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13
Q

What makes up the parenchyma?

A

-Seminiferous tubules
-interstitial cells of Leydig
>Lymphatic vessels
>Connective Tissue
>Blood vessels

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14
Q

What is a Blood Tissue Barrier?

A

Prevents the immune system from coming into contact with sperm; immune response will recognize sperm as foreign and will create anti-sperm antibodies to destroy it.

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15
Q

What makes up the Interstitial Compartment?

A

Lymphatic vessels, Blood vessels, and connective tissues

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16
Q

What is the Mediastinum?

A

The central connective tissue core of the testis; helps prevent compression of the rete tubules so spermatozoa and fluid from seminiferous tubules moves freely from the testis.

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17
Q

What makes up the tubular component?

A

The seminiferous tubules

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18
Q

What are the rete tubules?

A

tiny channels through which spermatozoa are transported from the testis.

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19
Q

What are all of the parts of the Seminiferous Tubules?

A

Basement Membrane, Peritubular Cells, and Seminiferous Epithelium

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20
Q

What is the basement membrane?

A

The outermost portion of the seminiferous tubules

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21
Q

What are the peritubular cells?

A

One of the structures that participates in maintaining the blood-testes barrier

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22
Q

What makes up the seminiferous epithelium?

A

Sertoli cells, basal compartment, tight junctions, and adluminal compartment

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23
Q

What are Sertoli Cells:

A

“nurse cells”; attached at lower lateral surfaces by “tight junctions”
Support development of the sperm

24
Q

What is the basal compartment?

A

Separated from an Abluminal compartment with the tight junctions
Closest to basal membrane

25
Q

What are tight junctions?

A

assist in forming the blood-testes barrier; prevents autoimmune reactions from destroying developing germ cells

26
Q

Where is the abluminal compartment located?

A

Closest to the cells getting close to fertilizing capacity.

27
Q

What are the functions of the Sertoli Cells?

A
  1. Provide Sertoli-Cell barrier to chemicals in the plasma
  2. Nourish Developing sperm
  3. Secrete Luminal Fluid, including androgen-binding protein
  4. Receive stimulation by testosterone and FSH to secrete paracrine agents that stimulate sperm proliferation and differentiation.
  5. Secrete the protein hormone inhibin, which inhibits FSH secretion.
  6. Secrete paracrine agents that influence the function of Leydig cells.
  7. Phagocytize defective sperm
  8. Secrete, during embryonic life, Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS), which causes the primordial female duct system to regress.
28
Q

What makes up the excurrent duct system?

A

Rete Tubules, Efferent ducts, epididymis, vas deferens, and urethra

29
Q

Describe the Epidiymis:

A

it is a single convoluted duct, each testicle only has one. provides an environment for final maturation of spermatozoa. It also serves as a storage reservoir for spermatozoa. It is surrounded by smooth muscle that aid in moving sperm along duct by peristaltic contractions.
-Also gets rid of cytoplasmic droplet, by sliding off the tail of the sperm.

30
Q

What are the sections of the epididymis?

A

-Caput(heat):proximal end
-Corpus(body): intermediate portion
-Cauda(tail): distal end

31
Q

The epididymis is continuous with the _________________ and is a major storage site for __________________.

A

1) vas deferens
2) Spermatozoa

32
Q

Does the Epididymis contribute to fluid in the ejaculate? If so where does this occur?

A

Yes it does; mostly in the body of the epididymis and some additional fluid dilution when it reaches the tail.

33
Q

describe the cytoplasmic droplet:

A

-leftovers/remnants of the cytoplasm as the sperm go through their developmental process.

34
Q

Describe the Vas Deferens:

A

It is the main genital tract of the male; it is a continuous structure from the caudal epididymis to the urethra. This is how sperm travels from the epididymis to the urethra.
ONLY SPERM IN THE VAS DEFERENS

35
Q

What does the spermatic cord do and what makes it up?

A

The spermatic cord suspends the testes; it extended through the inguinal ring and consists of testicular vasculature, lymphatics and nerves, vas deferens, and cremaster muscle.

36
Q

What is the inguinal ring?

A

the hole in the abdomen that the spermatic cord is going to pass through

37
Q

What is the cremaster muscle?

A

this is the muscle that moves the testes up and down but PULLS instead of pushes; only capable of short term contraction, can’t rely heavily on this muscle for thermoregulation or protection of the testes (involuntary)

38
Q

What is the Pampiniform Plexus?

A

It is a vascular structure that supplies and removes blood from the testes and spermatic cord; changes and regulates the blood going into the testes.
-39 C -34 C
-One artery multiple veins

39
Q

What is the responsibility of Accessory Sex glands + Epididymis?

A

To produce secretions which contribute to the liquid, non-cellular portion of the semen known as seminal plasma.

40
Q

What is a Ampullae?

A

enlargements of the vas deferens as a result of increased mucosa; boar does not have notable ampullae

41
Q

What are vesicular glands/seminal vesicles?

A

originally thought that sperm was stored here; in bulls and boars: secretions contribute to a large proportion of the volume of ejaculate; in bulls and rams they are lobulated; well developed in boars; stallions they are elongated, hollow pouches

42
Q

What is the prostate?

A

go back to recording for this one

43
Q

What are bulbourethral glands(cowpers glands)?

A

go back to recording for this one

44
Q

What is a penis and its components?

A

It is the copulatory organ and is composed of a base, shaft, and glans penis

45
Q

Where is the base of the penis located?

A

The base is where the penis attaches to the pelvis(ischial arch)

46
Q

What is the shaft?

A

the main portion of the penis

47
Q

What is the glans penis and what characteristics does it have?

A

It is the specialized distal end; it is heavily populated with sensory nerves and is a homologue of the clitoris in the female. Stimulation of the glans penis is the primary factor initiating mechanisms of ejaculation.

48
Q

How does erection occur?

A

Engorgement of blood into spongy erectile tissue

49
Q

What are the erectile tissues?

A

Corpus Cavernosum and Corpus Spongiosum

50
Q

What is the penile urethra?

A

The lumen that the sperm will pass through as they move through the penis

51
Q

How does the penis of the bull, boar, and ram differ from the penis of a stallion?

A

they have a fibroelastic penis, so it will not change in size during an erection like that of a stallion.

52
Q

What is a sigmoid flexure?

A

A muscle that is used to retract the penis back towards the body in animals with a fibroelastic penis (bulls, boars, rams)

53
Q

What kind of control do erection and protrusion fall under?

A

Muscular Control

54
Q

What are Ischiocavernous muscles?

A

Associated with the pelvic urethra; located near the base of the penis. During erection, limits blood flow away from the penis.

55
Q

What is the Urethralis?

A

Striated muscle surrounding the pelvis urethra; assists in movement of seminal plasma and spermatozoa into the penile urethra.

56
Q

What is the Bublospongiosis muscle?

A

overlaps the root of the penis; empties the extrapelvic part of the urethra

Repro Exam 1 (3 decks)

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