malayalam basic grammar 1 Flashcards
tell me the rules for plurality
In Malayalam, the pluralization of nouns is achieved through specific suffixes depending on the type of noun. Here’s a breakdown of the information provided, along with examples:
1. Suffix -കൾ (-kaḷ):
This is the most common suffix for plural nouns. Used for inanimate nouns (both concrete and abstract) and most animate, non-gendered nouns.
Examples:
പുസ്തകം (pustakaṁ, book) → പുസ്തകങ്ങൾ (pustakaṅṅaḷ, books) വീട് (vīṭŭ, house) → വീടുകൾ (vīṭukaḷ, houses) കുറിപ്പ് (kuṟippŭ, note) → കുറിപ്പുകൾ (kuṟippukaḷ, notes)
- When the noun ends in -അം (-aṁ):The suffix -കൾ changes to -ങ്ങൾ (-ṅṅaḷ).
This transformation occurs because of the phonetic rules of Malayalam.
Examples:
പെരുംപുറം (peruṁpuṟaṁ, field) → പെരുംപുറങ്ങൾ (peruṁpuṟaṅṅaḷ, fields) കടകം (kaṭakaṁ, bracelet) → കടങ്ങളങ്ങൾ (kaṭakaṅṅaḷ, bracelets) നക്ഷത്രം (nakṣatraṁ, star) → നക്ഷത്രങ്ങൾ (nakṣatraṅṅaḷ, stars)
- Suffix -മാർ (-māṟ):Used exclusively for a few animate nouns, typically referring to people.
Examples:
അച്ഛൻ (acchaṉ, father) → അച്ഛന്മാർ (acchaṉmāṟ, fathers) ചെക്കൻ (cekkaṉ, son) → ചെക്കന്മാർ (cekkaṉmāṟ, sons) സുഹൃത്ത് (suhṟṯhŭ, friend) → സുഹൃത്ത്മാർ (suhṟṯhmāṟ, friends)
- Suffix -അർ (-aṟ):Also limited to specific animate nouns, often those indicating respect or position.
Examples:
ഗുരു (guru, teacher) → ഗുരുവർ (guruvar, teachers) രാജാവ് (rājāvŭ, king) → രാജാക്കർ (rājākkar, kings) ശിഷ്യൻ (śiṣyaṉ, student) → ശിഷ്യർ (śiṣyar, students)
Summary:
-കൾ (-kaḷ): Default pluralization for inanimate and non-gendered animate nouns. -ങ്ങൾ (-ṅṅaḷ): Used when the noun ends in -അം (-aṁ). -മാർ (-māṟ): Used for specific animate nouns, especially denoting people. -അർ (-aṟ): Used for animate nouns, often indicating respect or position.
These suffixes illustrate the rich and systematic approach of the Malayalam language in marking plural forms.
what to append at the end for nominative
In Malayalam, the nominative case is the default case used for subjects in a sentence, and nouns typically do not require any specific suffix for this case. The base form of the noun itself is used as the nominative form. However, plural suffixes are added to indicate number when necessary.
1. Singular Nouns in the Nominative Case
No additional suffix is appended. The noun remains in its original form.
Examples:
കുട്ടി (kuṭṭi, child) → കുട്ടി (kuṭṭi, child) [subject of the sentence] പുസ്തകം (pustakaṁ, book) → പുസ്തകം (pustakaṁ, book)
- Plural Nouns in the Nominative CasePlural suffixes like -കൾ (-kaḷ), -ങ്ങൾ (-ṅṅaḷ), -മാർ (-māṟ), or -അർ (-aṟ) are added, depending on the noun type, as described earlier.
Examples:
കുട്ടി (kuṭṭi, child) → കുട്ടികൾ (kuṭṭikaḷ, children) പുസ്തകം (pustakaṁ, book) → പുസ്തകങ്ങൾ (pustakaṅṅaḷ, books) അച്ഛൻ (acchaṉ, father) → അച്ഛന്മാർ (acchaṉmāṟ, fathers) ഗുരു (guru, teacher) → ഗുരുവർ (guruvar, teachers)
- No Additional Markers for the Nominative CaseMalayalam does not require any specific suffix or marker to denote the nominative case explicitly.
The role of the noun (subject) is understood from its position in the sentence and the verb agreement.
Examples in Sentences:
കുട്ടി ഓടുന്നു. (kuṭṭi oṭunnu.) → The child is running. കുട്ടികൾ പാഠം വായിക്കുന്നു. (kuṭṭikaḷ pāṭhaṁ vāyikkunnu.) → The children are reading a lesson. പുസ്തകം മേശപ്പുറത്ത് ഉണ്ട്. (pustakaṁ meśappurathŭ uṇṭŭ.) → The book is on the table. പുസ്തകങ്ങൾ എടുത്തു. (pustakaṅṅaḷ eṭuttu.) → The books were taken.
In summary, for the nominative case:
Singular nouns remain unchanged. Plural nouns take appropriate plural suffixes based on the noun type.
what to append at the end for accusative
In Malayalam, the accusative case is used to denote the direct object of a verb (the thing or person being acted upon). For most nouns in the accusative case, specific suffixes are added to indicate this role. The suffixes vary based on whether the noun is animate or inanimate, singular or plural.
1. Singular Inanimate Nouns
Usually, no suffix is added. The noun remains in its basic form.
Examples:
പുസ്തകം (pustakaṁ, book) → പുസ്തകം (pustakaṁ, book)
നான் പുസ്തകം വായിച്ചു. (nāṉ pustakaṁ vāyiccu.) → I read the book.
- Singular Animate NounsAdd -യെ (-ye) to indicate the accusative case.
Examples:
കുട്ടി (kuṭṭi, child) → കുട്ടിയെ (kuṭṭiye, the child)
അവൻ കുട്ടിയെ കണ്ടു. (avaṉ kuṭṭiye kaṇṭu.) → He saw the child.
അമ്മ (amma, mother) → അമ്മയെ (ammaye, the mother)
ഞാൻ അമ്മയെ വിളിച്ചു. (ñān ammaye viḷiccu.) → I called the mother.
- Plural Inanimate NounsUse the plural suffix (e.g., -കൾ (-kaḷ), -ങ്ങൾ (-ṅṅaḷ)), and no additional marker is required for the accusative.
Examples:
പുസ്തകങ്ങൾ (pustakaṅṅaḷ, books) remains പുസ്തകങ്ങൾ (pustakaṅṅaḷ, the books)
അവൻ പുസ്തകങ്ങൾ എടുത്തു. (avaṉ pustakaṅṅaḷ eṭuttu.) → He took the books.
- Plural Animate NounsAdd -മാരെ (-māre) or -രെ (-re) depending on the noun.
Examples:
കുട്ടികൾ (kuṭṭikaḷ, children) → കുട്ടികളെ (kuṭṭikaḷe, the children)
അവൾ കുട്ടികളെ വിളിച്ചു. (avaḷ kuṭṭikaḷe viḷiccu.) → She called the children.
അച്ഛന്മാർ (acchaṉmāṟ, fathers) → അച്ഛന്മാരെ (acchaṉmāre, the fathers)
ഞങ്ങൾ അച്ഛന്മാരെ കണ്ടു. (ñāṅṅaḷ acchaṉmāre kaṇṭu.) → We saw the fathers.
Summary of Accusative Suffixes
Type of Noun Singular Suffix Plural Suffix
Inanimate Nouns No suffix -കൾ (-kaḷ), -ങ്ങൾ (-ṅṅaḷ)
Animate Nouns -യെ (-ye) -രെ (-re), -മാരെ (-māre)
Examples in Sentences
Inanimate Singular:
ഞാൻ മേശ കണ്ടു. (ñān meśa kaṇṭu.) → I saw the table.
Inanimate Plural:
അവൻ പാത്രങ്ങൾ കഴുകി. (avaṉ pātraṅṅaḷ kaḻuki.) → He washed the vessels.
Animate Singular:
ഞാൻ നായയെ കണ്ടു. (ñān nāyaye kaṇṭu.) → I saw the dog.
Animate Plural:
അവൾ കുട്ടികളെ വിളിച്ചു. (avaḷ kuṭṭikaḷe viḷiccu.) → She called the children.
This structure helps to clearly identify the object of the action in Malayalam sentences.
what to append at the end of dative
The dative case in Malayalam is used to indicate the indirect object of a sentence, typically denoting the recipient or beneficiary of an action. It is also used in other contexts, such as expressing purpose or direction. Here are the key rules for forming the dative case in Malayalam:
1. General Rule for Dative
Add -ക്ക് (-kkŭ) to the base form of the noun in the singular. Add -കൾക്ക് (-kaḷkkŭ) or -ങ്ങൽക്ക് (-ṅṅaḷkkŭ) to plural nouns, depending on the noun's ending.
- Formation Rules
a. Singular Animate NounsFor animate nouns (people, animals), add -ക്ക് (-kkŭ).
Examples:
കുട്ടി (kuṭṭi, child) → കുട്ടിക്ക് (kuṭṭikku, to the child)
അവൻ കുട്ടിക്ക് പുസ്തകം നൽകി. (avaṉ kuṭṭikku pustakaṁ nalki.) → He gave the book to the child.
നായ (nāya, dog) → നായയ്ക്ക് (nāyakku, to the dog)
ഞാൻ നായയ്ക്ക് ഭക്ഷണം കൊടുത്തു. (ñān nāyakku bhakṣaṇaṁ koṭuttu.) → I gave food to the dog.
b. Singular Inanimate Nouns
Add -ക്ക് (-kkŭ) to indicate purpose, direction, or association.
Examples:
പുസ്തകം (pustakaṁ, book) → പുസ്തകത്തിന് (pustakattin, for the book)
അവൻ പുസ്തകത്തിന് കവചം വാങ്ങി. (avaṉ pustakattin kavacaṁ vāṅṅi.) → He bought a cover for the book.
ആലമരം (ālamaram, banyan tree) → ആലമരത്തിന് (ālamarattin, to the banyan tree)
നാം ആലമരത്തിന് വെള്ളം ഒഴിച്ചു. (nāṁ ālamarattin veḷḷaṁ oḻiccu.) → We poured water on the banyan tree.
c. Plural Nouns
For plural nouns, the suffix -കൾക്ക് (-kaḷkkŭ) or -ങ്ങൽക്ക് (-ṅṅaḷkkŭ) is added.
Examples:
കുട്ടികൾ (kuṭṭikaḷ, children) → കുട്ടികൾക്ക് (kuṭṭikaḷkkŭ, to the children)
ഞങ്ങൾ കുട്ടികൾക്ക് സമ്മാനം നൽകി. (ñāṅṅaḷ kuṭṭikaḷkkŭ sam'mānaṁ nalki.) → We gave gifts to the children.
നായകൾ (nāyakaḷ, dogs) → നായകൾക്ക് (nāyakaḷkkŭ, to the dogs)
അവൻ നായകൾക്ക് ഭക്ഷണം നൽകി. (avaṉ nāyakaḷkkŭ bhakṣaṇaṁ nalki.) → He gave food to the dogs.
- Irregular Forms
Some nouns undergo slight changes when forming the dative case:
-അം (-aṁ) ending nouns: Replace -അം (-aṁ) with -ത്തിന് (-ttin).
ഗ്രാമം (grāmaṁ, village) → ഗ്രാമത്തിന് (grāmattin, to the village)
അവൻ ഗ്രാമത്തിന് പോയി. (avaṉ grāmattin pōyi.) → He went to the village.
-ൻ (-n) ending nouns: Replace -ൻ (-n) with -ന് (-nŭ).
രാമൻ (rāmaṉ, Rama) → രാമന് (rāmanŭ, to Rama)
ഞാൻ രാമന് ആന കൊടുത്തു. (ñān rāmanŭ āna koṭuttu.) → I gave an elephant to Rama.
- Uses of Dative Case
a. Indirect ObjectIndicates the recipient or beneficiary of an action.
അവൻ കുട്ടിക്ക് പണം കൊടുത്തു. (avaṉ kuṭṭikku paṇaṁ koṭuttu.) → He gave money to the child.
b. Purpose
Indicates the purpose or intent.
ഞാൻ പഠനത്തിന് സമയം കണ്ടെത്തി. (ñān paṭhanattin samayaṁ kaṇṭeṭutti.) → I found time for studying.
c. Direction
Indicates the direction or target of an action.
അവൻ സ്കൂളിലേക്ക് പോയി. (avaṉ skūḷilekkŭ pōyi.) → He went to school.
Suffix Summary
Noun Type Singular Suffix Plural Suffix Example
Animate Nouns -ക്ക് (-kkŭ) -കൾക്ക് (-kaḷkkŭ) കുട്ടി → കുട്ടിക്ക് (child → to the child)
Inanimate Nouns -ക്ക് (-kkŭ) -കൾക്ക് (-kaḷkkŭ) മരം → മരത്തിന് (tree → to the tree)
-അം Ending Nouns -ത്തിന് (-ttin) -ങ്ങൾക്ക് (-ṅṅaḷkkŭ) ഗ്രാമം → ഗ്രാമത്തിന് (village → to the village)
If a noun ends with a vowel-like sound (e.g., -വ് (-v) in ആരവ്/Aarav), the suffix -ന് (-nu) is used instead of -ക്ക് (-kkŭ) for smoother pronunciation.
what to append at the end for sociative
-ootu
what to append at the end for instrumental
-aal
what to append at the end for locative
-il, -attu
“I understood” - > “enikku ____”
manassilayi
in his own words
translate this to malayalam, walk me through all the different grammar rules in this
The phrase “in his own words” can be translated to Malayalam as “അവന്റെ സ്വന്തം വാക്കുകളിൽ”.
Here’s a breakdown of the grammar rules involved:
1. “അവന്റെ” (avante)
This is the possessive form of the pronoun "അവന്" (avan), which means "he" or "him." Rule: The possessive form is formed by adding "-ന്റെ" to the pronoun, indicating ownership or possession. In English, it corresponds to the possessive "his."
- “സ്വന്തം” (svantham)This word means “own” and is used to emphasize something that belongs to the subject.
Rule: “സ്വന്തം” is an adjective used to modify the noun that follows, in this case, “വാക്കുകൾ” (words). It stresses that the words belong to the person being referred to. - “വാക്കുകളിൽ” (vaakkukalil)“വാക്കുകൾ” (vaakkukal) means “words.” This is the plural form of “വാക്ക്” (vaakku), which means “word.”
Rule: The plural form is created by adding “-കൾ” to the singular noun.
The suffix “-ൽ” is added to indicate that the action or state is happening “in” the words.
Rule: The suffix “-ൽ” is used to indicate the locative case, which corresponds to the English preposition “in.”
Final Translation: “അവന്റെ സ്വന്തം വാക്കുകളിൽ”
This phrase literally means "in his own words," showing possession (his), emphasizing ownership (own), and indicating the location of the words (in).
hodor wasnt always hodor
translate this to malayalam, walk me through all the different grammar rules in this
The phrase “Hodor wasn’t always Hodor” can be translated to Malayalam as “ഹോടോർ എപ്പോഴും ഹോടോർ ആയിരുന്നില്ല”.
Here’s a breakdown of the grammar rules involved:
1. “ഹോടോർ” (Hodor)
This is the name of the character, and in Malayalam, proper nouns (like names) are usually transliterated directly. Rule: The name remains unchanged, but it is written in the Malayalam script.
- “എപ്പോഴും” (eppozhum)This means “always.”
Rule: “എപ്പോഴും” is an adverb of time. It comes before the verb to indicate the frequency or consistency of the action described. - “ആയിരുന്നില്ല” (aayirunnilla)This is the past tense of the verb “ആകുക” (aakuka), which means “to be” or “to become.”
Rule: The past tense of “ആകുക” is “ആയിരുന്നത്” (aayirunnathu) in its infinitive form, but for negation, we add “-ല്ല” to the verb root.
“ആയിരുന്നില്ല” means “wasn’t” or “was not.”
“ഇല്ല” (illa) is the negation particle, indicating that the state described (being “Hodor”) did not exist in the past.
Final Translation: “ഹോടോർ എപ്പോഴും ഹോടോർ ആയിരുന്നില്ല”
This sentence means "Hodor wasn't always Hodor."
"ഹോടോർ" is the name.
"എപ്പോഴും" means always.
"ആയിരുന്നില്ല" is the past negative form of the verb "to be," indicating that the subject (Hodor) was not in the state of being "Hodor" at all times in the past.
Give me the top 10 things to say in malayalam
So here are some:-
1)Enthada- What man?.
2)Da knappa- You Idiot.
3)Vaa adich polikkam- Let’s Enjoy
4)Koppe- Idiot.
5)Aliyaa- Common word that boys usually uses to call their friends.
6)Sukhamalle- You good?.
7)Enthokke Und- Hey! Whats up?.
8)Onn Podei- Go man.
9)Enth thepp deii- What the hell man?.
10)Njan ippo varam- I will come soon.
neel cheriya kutti undaenu — > find another way to say this
neel cheriya a-wum-bum
sunimamam oruh chintum ainu – > find another way to say this
sunimuma oruh chintah vannu
how do you properly say it’s late at night, versus how did you use to say it in 2024
ഇപ്പോൾ രാത്രി വൈകിയിരിക്കുന്നു. (Ippōl rāthri vaikiyirikkunnu.)
"It is late at night now." (Describes the lateness as an ongoing action)
ഇത് രാത്രി വൈകിയതാണ്. (Ith rāthri vaikiyadhaanu.)
"This is lateness at night." (Describes lateness as a noun-like state)
Whose
Aarude
what’s the difference between anu and ayirunnu
When to Use ആണ് (āṇu) and അയിരുന്നു (ayirunnu)?
Both ആണ് (āṇu) and അയിരുന്നു (ayirunnu) are forms of the verb “to be,” but they are used differently based on tense and context.
1. ആണു (āṇu): Present tense
Used to indicate something currently is or exists.
Examples:
ഇത് ഒരു പുസ്തകമാണ്. (Ith oru pustakamāṇu.)
"This is a book."
അവൻ ഡോക്ടറാണ്. (Avaṉ dōkṭarāṇu.)
"He is a doctor."
- ആയിരുന്നു (ayirunnu): Past tenseUsed to indicate something was or existed in the past.
Examples:
ഇത് ഒരു പുസ്തകമായിരുന്നു. (Ith oru pustakamāyirunnu.)
“This was a book.”
അവൻ ഡോക്ടറായിരുന്നു. (Avaṉ dōkṭarāyirunnu.)
“He was a doctor.”
