malaria case study : communicable disease.

Question 1

What is malaria?

Answer 1

A tropical vector borne disease that is biologically tr\transmitted by insects eg mosquitoes.

Question 2

how many people live w/ malaria?

Answer 2

3.4 bill people live in 106 countries and territories that are at risk of malaria transmission .This approx 40% of the worlds population.

Question 3

how many people died from malaria in 2013?

Answer 3

584,000 people

Question 4

where is the highest concentration of cases of malaria ?

Answer 4

Sub - Saharan Africa, around 82% of all malaria cases are found here.

Question 5

who , demographically are most severely affected by malaria?

Answer 5

women and children.

Question 6

what is the 6th biggest killer in LIC’s?

Answer 6

malaria.

Question 7

malaria links to physical environment : where does it form and when is transmission greatest?

Answer 7

mosquitoes breed in stagnant water so transmission is high during and just after rainy seasons.

Question 8

links to phys envi : what season is malaria linked to?

Answer 8

rainy seasons, so in places where rainfall lower and temperature is cooler , at higher altitudes malarial transmissions fall.

Question 9

links to phys envi : why are higher temps important for mosquitoes?

Answer 9

The parasites need temperatures of between 16 and 32 degrees Celcius to develop inside the mosquito so this why malaria is largely concentrated around tropics and subtropics.

Question 10

links to socio -economics.: what term is often used to describe malaria?

Answer 10

a disease of poverty. there is sufficient evidence to prov that the burden of malaria is greatest among poorer countries.

Question 11

links to socio- economics. DALY’s of malaria ?

Answer 11

when the burden is measured as DALY’s 58% of the global total burden due to malaria is concentrated among the poorest 20% of the global population, where as 0.2% if total global DALY’s are among the riches global 20%.

Question 12

socio economic factors that increase incidence of malaria

- HOUSING QUALITY AND OCCUPANCY.

Answer 12

poor fitted doors, windows, ( windows w/o glass or shutters) and overcrowded rooms and living areas that are built up w/ppl increase likelihood of ppl coming into contact w/ mosquito.

Question 13

socio economic factors that increase incidence of malaria

UNSANITARY CONDITIONS.

Answer 13

polluted rivers, open defecation and spitting all attract mosquitoes.

Question 14

socio economic factors that increase incidence of malaria :

OCCUPATION.

Answer 14

people who live/work outdoors eg agricultural workers, migrant workers are more more exposed to the mosquito vector.

Question 15

socio economic factors that increase incidence of malaria :

RURAL vs URBAN ENVIRONMENTS.

Answer 15

generally, those living in rural areas are more at risk, however , urban slums and squatter settlements create unsanitary conditions.

Question 16

socio economic factors that increase incidence of malaria :

AGE AND GENDER

Answer 16

children under 5 are more likely to suffer the extreme consequence of the disease.

Question 17

socio economic factors that increase incidence of malaria :

ETHNICITY.

Answer 17

this only influences risk bc of the different attitudes towards health and education. eg Non -Thais searching for work are more exposed to malaria threats as they may live and work outdoors.
- refugees are also more at risk for malaria as they haven’t had the opportunity to be exposed to the disease since they were children like locals have.

Question 18

socio economic factors that increase incidence of malaria :

INCOME

Answer 18

higher incomes mean people can spend more on insect repellent, eg insecticide treated nets to reduce the risk of infection.

Question 19

socio economic factors that increase incidence of malaria :

EDUCATION

Answer 19

the more people that are educated about the link between malaria and the surrounding outdoor environments , the more likely they are to use prevention measures.

Question 20

socio economic factors that increase incidence of malaria : DISTANCE AND ACCESIBILITY

Answer 20

the greater the distance to the nearest clinic/ hospitals the fewer people will seek treatment for their symptoms as they are deterred from going to the hospitals becuae the journey is too long.

Question 21

impact of malaria on health and well- being. there is a strong case that malaria causes underdevelopment :

Answer 21

• there is a cost for those affected as they need to purchase drugs for treatment. Financially they are impacted as they need to miss days of work , or they are not well enough to work on the farm.

Question 22

impact of malaria on health and well- being. there is a strong case that malaria causes underdevelopment :

Answer 22

governments need to maintain and supply staffing of health facilities , purchasing necessary.

Question 23

estimated expenditures of malaria.

Answer 23

its estimated that in some areas , malaria accounts for 30-40% of health expenditures.

Question 24

management and mitigation strategy of malaria, the progress.

Answer 24

progress has been made in tackling malaria in the last 15 yrs

Question 25

management and mitigation strategy of malaria

Answer 25

between 2000-2012, there was a 42% decline in malaria mortality rates globally.

Question 26

management and mitigation strategy of malaria.

Answer 26

in the decade from the year 2000, 3.3 million deaths from malaria were adverted, and the lives of 3mill kids were saved.`

Question 27

management and mitigation strategy of malaria: impact in sub- Saharan Africa.

Answer 27

Malaria impact in subsaharan Africa has also been reduced and the disease is no longer the leading cause of death in the region.

Question 28

THE WHO impact on malaria.

Answer 28

The WHO Global Malaria Programme (GMP) is responsible for coordinating WHO’s global efforts to control and eliminate malaria. It sets ambitious but attainable global targets for 2030, including:
- Reducing malaria case
incidence by at least 90%
- Reducing malaria mortality rates by at least 90%
- Eliminating malaria in at least 35 countries
- Preventing a resurgence of malaria in all countries that are malaria-free

Question 29

malaria no more : a charity

Answer 29

It takes lots of different approaches and partners working together to tackle it:

• influencing : they influence decision makers , from governments to international bodies and leading corporations.
• collaborating : they collaborate w/ and support partners large or small on the front line and in the policy arena.
• awareness raising : whether its in political corridors, the press in ur front room , the more ppl that know about the fight for malaria, the more they can do.

Question 30

strategies to control malaria that have worked.

( vector, physical and chemical barriers.

Answer 30

• Control of the vector - use of insecticides on walls where mosquitoes rest.
• Use of physical barriers to infection -insecticide-treated mosquito nets.
• Use of chemical barriers to infection - the proportion of women receiving doses of preventative treatment in pregnancy has increased and the limited use of seasonal anti-malaria drugs in children.

Question 31

strategies to control malaria that have worked.

diagnosis and drug treatment

Answer 31

• Investing in the swift -diagnosis - the sooner the disease is diagnosed, the better chance there is of recovery.
• Drug treatment of the disease - in particular, highly effective, artemisinin based combination therapies.

Question 32

malaria in UGANDA 2015;

how many cases and deaths of malaria?

Answer 32

in 2015 there were, 3.5 mill confirmed cases of malaria in Uganda and almost 6000 deaths.

Question 33

malaria in UGANDA 2015, how often is transmission?

Answer 33

unlike other parts of Africa where malarial transmission is seasonal, transmission in Uganda happens all year round as rainfall and temperature is ideal for mosquitoes through out the year.

Question 34

malaria in UGANDA 2015 : breeding grounds?

Answer 34

large bodies of water eg Lake Albert and Victoria act as a breeding ground for mosquitoes.however improved drainage and irrigation particularly in rural areas has helped reduce breeding areas for mosquitoes.

Question 35

malaria in UGANDA 2015:

ITN’s

Answer 35

Insect - Treated Nets are another protective strategy that are widely used but not always used correctly. mosquitoes can never be fully eliminated but the best approach to control malaria as a combination of early diagnosis and prompt treatment

Question 36

malaria in UGANDA 2015;

drug factory:

Answer 36

in 2009, the 1st malaria drug factory was opened in Kabale by Afro Alpine Pharma. this is significant as it increases production and lowers drug costs and drugs are produced locally by more than 5000 farmers.

Question 37

what are the symptoms of malaria?

Answer 37

fever, headaches, tiredness, diarrhoea and vomiting. symptoms may only appear 1 or 2 weeks after you have been bitten and w/o out further treatment, malaria can strike again in 50 yrs.

Question 38

how does the malarial parasite damage the body?

Answer 38

the parasite infects the red blood cells causing anaemia and jaundice, left untreated it can cause kidney failure, seizures, coma and death.

Question 39

how can you catch malaria?( mosquito)

Answer 39

there are over 100 species of anopheles mosquito, which injects the parasite Plasmodium into its victim when it bites. however only 1/3 of these are considered malaria vectors as nt every mosquito bite results in malaria.

Question 40

how can you catch malaria?( bodily fluids)

Answer 40

blood transfusions, organ transplants or the shared use of contaminated needles. it may be transmitted from a pregnant woman to child in child birth.

Question 41

factors affecting incidence of `malaria.

lifespan of mosquito

Answer 41

the longer the lifespan of an insect, the greater the time it takes for a parasite to complete its lifecycle too, inside the mosquito.

Question 42

factors affecting incidence of `malaria : preference for biting humans vs other animals.

Answer 42

some mosquitos prefer to bite humans than animals. according to who, both the lifespan of mosquitos and the preference for them to bite humans is the main reason 90% of the cases of malaria are in Africa.

Question 43

factors affecting incidence of `malaria : HUMAN IMMUNITY - children

Answer 43

partial immunity is provided over years of exposure to the disease, which reduces the risk of sever illness. Therefore, young children are most at risk as they lack the immunity that their parents benefit from

Question 44

factors affecting incidence of `malaria : HUMAN IMMUNITY

- immigrants

Answer 44

epidemics may occur among immigrant populations, migrant workers ir refugees whi travel from regions where they lack regular or seasonal exposure to the diease.

Question 45

factors affecting incidence of `malaria : THE ENVIRONMENT- climate

Answer 45

mosquitoes breed in water. puddles, ponds, pools are all abundant all year in a tropical wet climate. in tropical regions , characterised by dry and wet seasons, transmission is most great right after a rain spell. Outbreaks howver, can be predicted accurately, by mapping rainfall.

Question 46

factors affecting incidence of `malaria : THE ENVIRONMENT. - rural vs urban.

Answer 46

the geographic distribution of malaria within countries is complex. eg there is a risk of infection in rural areas of continents in south - east Asia, where urban areas have been declared disease - free.

Question 47

the global impact of malaria : in 2015 the WHO estimated that….

Answer 47

• 3.2 bill ppl are at risk of getting malaria
• 214 new cases every year.
• malaria is present in 97 different countries.

Question 48

which countries is malaria most prevalent?

Answer 48

Africa, South - East Asia, Latin America and the Middle East. of all ppl living w/ malaria 80% live in just 15 countries , 13 of which are in Africa .

Question 49

is malaria a global killer ?

Answer 49

to an extent, the most deaths are from african children. in 2015, the WHO estimated that there were about 438 000 deaths from malaria of which were most african kids.