Malaria Babesia Flashcards
Explain why P. falciparum causes the most severe disease of
all Plasmodium species and how it can be diagnosed
- cause high % infected RBCs (parasitemia)
- infects all ages of RBCs
- causes cerebral malaria, black water fever, severe anemia
WIP Describe the mechanism of pathogenicity for P. falciparum
Identify a characteristic of P. vivax and P. ovale which
complicates chemotherapy
Identify methods used to diagnose malaria infection
Name a problem for the eradication of malaria worldwide
Vector of Malaria
Anopheles game is
Which area of apicomplexa insects into vector cells ?n
Polar ring
- imagine the sharp tip of an almond
4 species of Plasmodium
- P. Falciparum
- P. Vivax
- P. Ovale
- P. Malariae
3 stages of Malaria life cycle
- Sporogonic (mosquito vector)
- mosquito vector ingests gametocytes from blood
- development of oocyst = release of sporozoites - Exo-erythrocytic cycle (human vector)
- mosquito injects sporozoites into blood
- infects LIVER cell
- development of schizont = ruptures - Erythrocytic (human vector)
- immature trophozoite (ring stage)
a). Matures into another schizont = more trophozoites
b). Forms gametocyte for another mosquito to ingest
When is the best time to detect malaria ?
During a fever = collect patient blood
- corresponds to rupture of RBCs/ schizonts released
Symptoms of malaria
- Fever (schizonts released from RBCs)
- Anemia (hemolysis)
- Splenomegaly (spleen removes infected RBCs)
Which Plasmodium species have a higher risk of splenic rupture ?
- P. vivax
- P. ovale
How is malaria detected in the lab ?
- Microscopic; thin and thick smears
- Rapid diagnostic tests; only detect antigens, so not reliant on good immune functioning
What are hypnozoites ? Which species have them ?
P. Vivax and P. Ovale remain latent in liver
Which Plasmodium species are benign ?
P. Malariae
What is Cerebral malaria ?
- complications of P. Falciparum
- metabolic encephalopathy
- sequestration; P. Falciparum binds endothelium in cerebral
- cerebral anoxia associated with increased glucose catabolism/ lactate production by infected sticky RBC clumps
What is Blackwater Fever ?
- complication of P. Falciparum
- hemoglobinuria secondary to massive hemolysis
WIP How and why do parasites differentiate into gametocyte form ?
- other parasites “tell” other parasites when they should differentiate
- Ensure survival of species
- ## Extracellular vesicles (exosomes) formed by endocytosis of plasma membrane
What causes anemia by Malaria ?
- lysis of RBC = increased splenic removal of rosetting RBCs
- release of TNF-a from immune cells = decreases EPO
Which treatment is now used for Malaria ? Why ?
- Chloroquinine resistance called for new treatment
- Combination therapy now used (artemisinin based combination therapy — ACT)
Why is vaccine development for Malaria difficult ?
Malaria has different stages to target (pre-erythrocytic stage has been most successful)
Babesia structure
Apicomplexan
Name the major species of babesiosis in the U.S
Ixodes scapularis; tick that cause lime disease
Identify the vector for Babesia sp.
Ixodes scapularis; tick in lime disease
