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Haematology > Malaria > Flashcards

Malaria Flashcards

1
Q

How is malaria transmitted.

A

Via mosquito bites.

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2
Q

What is the name given to the parasite that causes malaria.

A

Plasmodium.

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3
Q

How many plasmodium species are there.

A

4.

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4
Q

What are the plasmodium species. (4)

A

Falciparum.
Vivax.
Ovale.
Malariae.

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5
Q

Which two plasmodium species can remain dormant and cause recurrent infections. (2)

A

Ovale.

Vivax.

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6
Q

Where does malaria occur.

A

In tropical areas.

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7
Q

What are the symptoms of malaria. (6)

A 
Fever. 
Fatigue. 
Myalgia. 
Headache. 
Nausea. 
Vomiting.
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8
Q

What are the physical signs of malaria. (4)

A

Tachycardia.
Anaemia.
Jaundice.
Splenomegaly.

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9
Q

What tests should be carried out in a patient with malaria. (10)

A 
FBC (anaemia, thrombocytopenia). 
Clotting (DIC). 
Glucose (hypoglycaemia). 
ABG/lactate (lactic acidosis).
UandEs (renal failure). 
LFTs. 
CRP/ESR.
Urinalysis (haemoglubinuria, proteinuria, casts). 
Blood smears.
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10
Q

What is seen on the blood results of a patient with malaria. (3)

A

Anaemia.
Raised ESR.
Raised CRP.

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11
Q

What is the main subspecies that can cause complications in malaria.

A

Falciparum malaria.

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12
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of falciparum malaria. (3)

A

Renal impairment.
Hypoglycaemia.
Cerebral malaria.

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13
Q

What are the symptoms of falciparum malaria. (6)

A 
Prodromal headache. 
Malaise. 
Myalgia. 
Possible faints. 
Fever.
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14
Q

What are the main physical signs of falciparum malaria. (3)

A

Anaemia.
Jaundice.
Hepatosplenomegaly.

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15
Q

What is not seen in falciparum malaria. (2)

A

No rash or lymphadenopathy.

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16
Q

What are the complications of falciparum malaria. (2)

A

Anaemia.

Thrombocytopenia.

17
Q

What are the ‘5 grim signs’ associated with survival rate in falciparum malaria. (5)

A 
Reduced consciousness/coma (cerebral malaria).
Convulsions. 
Co-existing chronic illness. 
Acidosis. 
Renal failure.
18
Q

What blood test is done to diagnose malaria.

A

Thick and thin blood films.

19
Q

What is the most dangerous form of malaria.

A

Falciparum malaria.

20
Q

What is the mortality rate for falciparum malaria. (2)

A

100% if left untreated.

15-20% with treatment.

21
Q

What are some protective factors against malaria. (4)

A

G6PD deficiency.
Sickle cell trait.
Melanaesian ovalocytosis.
Some HLAB53 alleles enable T cells to kill parasite infected hepatocytes in non-Europeans.

22
Q

What is the newest form of malaria.

A

Plasmodium knowlesi.

23
Q

Who is the primary carrier of p.knowlesi malaria.

A

Common in monkeys.

24
Q

Who is susceptible to malaria in the West.

A

Travellers.

25
Q

How many malaria cases are reported in the UK due to travelling.

A

2,000 per annum.

26
Q

What occurs to RBCs infected with malaria.

A

Haemolysis.

27
Q

What is seen on a blood film in a patient infected with malaria. (3)

A

Ring form on RBCs.
Trophozoite in RBCs.
Schizont in RBCs.

28
Q

What are the neurological signs of malaria. (5)

A 
Coma. 
Hypoglycaemia. 
Seizures. 
Cranial nerve palsies. 
Opisthotonus.
29
Q

What are the features of the FBC in a patient with malaria. (4)

A

Parasitaemia.
Anaemia.
Thrombocytopenia.
Colagulopathy.

30
Q

What are the respiratory features of malaria infection. (2)

A

Pulmonary oedema.

Secondary bacterial pneumonia.

31
Q

What are the CVS features of malaria infection. (3)

A

Shock.
Cardiac failure (‘algid malaria’).
Dysrhythmias with quinine.

32
Q

What are the renal features of malaria infection. (2)

A

Acute renal failure.

Severe haemolysis resulting in haemoglobinuria (‘blackwater fever’).

33
Q

What are the abdominal features of malaria infection. (3)

A

Jaundice.
Tender liver edge with hepatitis.
Pain in LUQ with splenomegaly.

34
Q

What optic sign can malaria cause.

A

Retinopathy with roth spots.

35
Q

What is the most important diagnostic features of malaria.

A

Fevers in any patient who has a travel history - very important to diagnose and direct investigations according to risk status.

36
Q

Who is most at risk of complications of a malaria infection.

A

Pregnant women.

Haematology (17 decks)

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