Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Parasitology > Malaria > Flashcards

Malaria Flashcards

1
Q

Malarial Life Cycle - Mosquito

A

Sexual reproduction occurs in the mosquito

  • Gametes are fertilized, producing ookinetes
  • Ookinetes penetrate the mosquitoes stomach and form a zygote
  • Sporozoites form within the Zygote, eventually rupturing and invading the salivary gland of the mosquito
  • Sporozoites are injected into the new host when the mosquito bites them
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Plasmodium knowlesi

A
  • Usually found in Macaques, comprises 70% of malaria cases in Southeast Asia, where other malarial stains are less common
  • Transmitted via mosquitoes, from infected monkeys or humans
  • Shortest incubation period of any malaria, 12 days; with a 24hr life cycle
  • Under the microscope, appears the same as P. malariae, although the Merozites are much larger than any other species; only confirmed with PCR/molecular assays
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Malaria Symptomatology

A

Prodromal phase (nonspecific): Headache, Photophobia, Muscle aches, Anorexia, Nausea and occasional vomiting Paroxysmal phase (specific): Shaking chills and rigor stage, Hot stage: elevated body temp. (40C/104F), Sweating stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Serological techniques

A

Indirect Fluorescent Antibody (IFA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Molecular techniques

A

Recombinant DNA probes Ribosomal RNA probes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Rapid tests

A

Usually used in field studies Plasmodial antigen detection Enzyme detection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Malaria Complications

A

Anemia Cerebral malaria (falciprum) Renal failure (malariae) Blackwater fever Dysenteric malaria Algid malaria: hypotension, delerium Pulmonary edema Tropical splenomegaly syndrome (TSS) Hypoglycemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Babesiosis

A

Ixodes dammini (tick), sexual cycle: tick, Asexual cycle: mammalian host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Babesia Reproduction

A

Sexual Reproduction: Occurs in the tick, Sporozoites are infective, Transmission through saliva by tick bite Asexual Reproduction: Occurs in rodents or humans, RBCs infected and destroyed, Sporozoites formed by binary fission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Babesiosis Disease

A

Symptoms: Hemolytic anemia, Malaise, Fever and chills, Night sweats, Jaundice Illness: Usually mild without periodic symptoms, Self-limiting in healthy population, Fatal in aspleenic or immunocompromised, Can be contracted through blood transfusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Babesiosis Diagnosis

A

Giemsa-stained blood smears Tetrads or Maltese cross (ring forms face together and form a cross with their loop portions) in RBCs Should be diffferentiated from P. falciparum No stippling or pigment observed in RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Malarial Life Cycle - Human

A
  • Injected Sporozoites enter hepatocytes and multiple asexually to form Merozoites
  • The Merozoites burst from the hepatocytes and invade RBCs
  • Within the RBCs, Merozoites become Rings → Trophozoites
  • Trophozoites develop into Schizonts or Gametocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Ring Stage

A

Young Trophozoite, still contains a vacuole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Developing Trophozoite

A

Vacuole of Ring form fills in, adding to cytoplasm bulk, pigment begins to show

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Pigment

A
  • Product of Hemoglobin digestion
  • Golden brown, brown, or black
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Schizont

A
  • Stage in which asexual reproduction takes place by the formation of Merozoites
  • Characterized by nuclear division and differentiation of cytoplasm around the nuclei
17
Q

Gametocyte

A

Picked up by mosquito vector that initiates sexual reproduction within the mosquito

18
Q

Sporozoite

A

Infective stage, a product of sexual reproduction in the salivary gland of mosquitoes

19
Q

Schuffner’s Stippling

A

Granular eosinophilic stippling within an infected RBC

Seen in P. ovale and P. vivax

20
Q

Maurer’s Clefts

A

Clefts of eosinophilic stippling rarely seen in P. falciprum infections

21
Q

Prepatent Period

A

Time from infection until discovery in blood film

22
Q

Species that maintain a low grade Liver infection

A

Ovale and Vivax both maintain merozoites within hepatocytes, requiring a secondary medication for removal

23
Q

Smear Types and Purposes

A

Thick Smear - Assess level of infectivity

Thin Smear - Differentiation

24
Q

P. vivax Characteristics

A
  • All stages can be seen with enlarged RBCs that may be oval, with dents from nearby cells
  • Usually contain Schuffner’s Dots except in early ring stages
  • Only infect reticulocytes so infectivity is low
  • Developing Trophozoites are diffuse/ameboid/”stringy”
  • Rounded/oval Gametocytes
  • Fine brown pigment may be seen
  • Mature Schizont contains 16 Merozoites
  • 48hr asexual cycle
25
Q

P. ovale Characteristics

A
  • All stages may be seen, one is usually predominant
  • Enlarged RBCs, can be oval or fimbriated (20%)
  • Schuffner’s Dots present in all stages
  • Cytoplasm is rounded and compact
  • Only infect Reticulocytes, low infectivity level
  • Developing Trophozoites are similar to P. vivax but less ameboid
  • Gametocytes are rounded/oval
  • Small amounts of dark brown pigment
  • Mature Schizont contains 9 Merozoites
  • 48hr asexual cycle
26
Q

P. malariae Characteristics

A
  • All stages can be present, one is usually predominant
  • Infected RBCs are normal-sized or smaller
  • No Schuffner’s Dots
  • Only infects older, smaller RBCs, limiting infectivity levels
  • Developing Trophozoites are compact and show band forms
  • Compact and rounded cytoplasm
  • Gametocytes are rounded/oval
  • Coarse dark brown pigment usually present
  • Mature Schizont contains 9 Merozoites
  • 72hr asexual cycle
27
Q

P. falciprum Characteristics

A
  • Usually only Rings and Gametocytes (Rarely) seen in PB
  • Infected RBCs maintain their size
  • No Schuffner’s Dots, Maurer’s clefts may be present
  • Infects all stages of RBCs, infectivity rate is extremely high
  • Developing Trophozoites usually not seen, with later stages only occuring in cappliaries of viscera
  • Compact cytoplasm
  • Classic banana-shaped gametocyte
  • Cotain black pigment
  • 48hr asexual cycle
28
Q

Relapse vs. Recrudesence

A

P. vivax is the relapsing malaria

Other types “bloom” (Recrudesence) from incomplete therapy → failure to remove dormant stages in liver

29
Q

Malarial Immunity

A

Sickle Cell Trait

Duffy Factor: lack “portal of entry” antigen of P. vivax

30
Q

Paroxysm

A

Period of chills and fever followed by profuse sweating

31
Q

Blackwater Fever

A

Complictaion of P. falciprum infection caused by a severe immune reaction

Causes Hematuria and Hemolysis

Parasitology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions