Malaria Flashcards
Malaria is caused by a parasite called
Plasmodium
In the human body, the causative agent of malaria multiplies in the _____, and then infect _____
Liver, RBCs
Vector for transmission of plasmodium
Anopheles mosquito
Give the four Plasmodium spp that are used as vectors for transmission of malaria
P vivax, P falciparum, P malariae, P ovale
Benign tertian
P vivax or P malariae
Malignant tertian
P falciparum
Quartian malaria
P ovale
Incubation period of P vivax
8-17 days
Which sp has an incubation period of 18-40 days
P malariae
Which sp has an incubation period of 9-14 days
P falciparum
What is the incubation period of P ovale
16-18 days
Match the day of when the symptoms start to show:
A. 12 days
B. 17 days
C. 28 days
D. 14 days
A. 12 days - P falciparum
B. 17 days - P ovale
C. 28 days - P malariae
D. 14 days - P vivax
Sexual reproductive phase in mosquito is known as
Sporogony
Infective stage of plasmodium
Sporozoite
Humans serve as ____ host of plasmodium spp
Intermediate
Which Plasmodium spp have a dormant stage
P vivax and P ovale
What are hypnozoites
Dormant stage of P vivax and P ovale
What do you call the cycle wherein the parasite replicate initially in the liver
Exo-erythrocytic cycle
The parasites (Plasmodium sp) undergo asexual multiplication in the
RBCs or erythrocytes
A malaria-infected female Anopheles mosquito inoculates ____ into the human host
sporozoites
The ___ stage parasites are responsible for the clinical manifestations of the disease
Blood
Sporozoites infect which type of cells
Liver cells
After infecting liver cells, sporozoites mature into ____
Schizonts
Schizonts rupture and release ____
Merozoites
What stage of the parasite infects red blood cells
Merozoites
At which stage does the parasite mature into schizonts during erythrocytic cycle
Ring stage trophozoites
The sexual erythrocytic stage of plasmodium
Gametocytes
Male and female gametocytes are also called
Microgametocytes and macrogametocytes
The parasites’ multiplication in the mosquito is known as the
Sporogonic cycle
Which body part of the mosquito does the microgametes penetrate the macrogametes generating zygotes
Mosquito’s stomach
The zygotes become motile and elongated (ookinetes) which invade which part of the mosquito
Midgut wall
Ookines in the midgut wall of the mosquito develop into
Oocytes
The oocysts grow, rupture, and release ____
Sporozoites
Sporozoites make their way to the mosquito’s
Salivary glands
Which plasmodium spp are commonly found in africa
P malariae and P ovale
P vivax predominates in ______
Central America
P falciparum predominates _____
Africa
Prevalence of these two species is almost equal in Indian subcontinent, South America, East Asia
P vivax and P falciparum
Give clinical features of nonspecific malaria
Fatigue, abdominal discomfort, classic paroxysm of fever, anemia, mild jaundice, nausea, vomiting
Give clinical features of complicated malaria
Cerebral malaria, acidosis, severe jaundice, septicemia, hypoglycemia
Give clinical features of chronic complication malaria
Tropical splenomegaly, quartan malaria nephropathy
What is thick smear used for
Detecting the presence of parasites and/or detecting level of parasitemia
What is thin smear used for
Species identification of parasites detected on thick smears
Give newer tests used for diagnosis of malaria
plasmodium falciparum histidine rich protein II (PFHRP II) dipstick test, parasite lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) dipstick test, PCR
What antimalarial drug is used despite high resistance rates
Chloroquine
The first line treatment for uncomplicated plasmodium falciparum malaria recommended by WHO
Artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs)
Treatment for uncomplicated malaria
Chloroquine or amodiaquine
Treatment for uncomplicated malaria (sensitive P falciparum malaria)
Artesunate + sulfadoxime + pyrimethamine, or artesunate + amodiaquine
Treatment for uncomplicated malaria (multidrug resistance P falciparum)
Artimether-lumefantrine or artesunate + mefloquine
Treatment for uncomplicated malaria (2nd line)
Artesunate or quinine + tetracycline, doxycycline, clindamycin
Radical treatment (P vivax and P ovale )
Primaquine
Treatment for severe P falciparum malaria
Artesunate/artemetherr/quinine/quinidine
Explain resistance I
Parasitemia clears up but recur in 7 days (early type) 14 days (delayed type)
Which type of resistance marks decline up to 25% or less in 48 hours but no clearance of parasites
Resistance II
Explain resistance III
Reduction <75% during 48 hours or even increase w/ preliminary decrease
What happens to infected RBCs in malignant tertian malaria caused by P falciparum
Infected RBCs form clusters called ROSSETS that block end organ capillaries, causing renal failure and cerebral malaria
Test that uses antibodies to detect malaria antigens in whole blood
Rapid diagnostic test (RDT) or immunochromatographic test (ICT)
