Malaria

Question 1

What happens when a mosquito ingests a RBC of a malaria patient?

Answer 1

The mosquito takes the amastigote into the gut and converts it into promastigotes and than increases in number by binary fission than it is taken up to the saliva. When the mosquito infects bites a patient the patients most probably come infected.

Question 2

What are the two phases when the plasmodium enters the human body ?

Answer 2

Liver phase

Blood phase

Question 3

During which phase is the patient asymptomatic ?

Answer 3

Liver phase

Question 4

Describe the steps of liver phase and the blood phase?

Answer 4

The injected sporozoite reaches the liver through the blood in 40 min.

Active Sporozoites enters the liver cell and change to schizont than the liver cell rupture and release merozoites after it is converted.

Blood phase:

The liver merozoite changes to a Ring shape than changes to trophozoite than to schizont and finally to blood merozoites which ruptures a releases metabolites and haemozoin (digested hemoglobin) which infect more red blood cells.

Question 5

Which plasmodium causes Rupture of infected red blood cell every 3 days

Answer 5

Plasmodium vivax and ovale.

Question 6

Which plasmodium causes Rupture of infected red blood cell every 4 days

Answer 6

Malariae

Question 7

(Sudden attacks) Paroxysm of malaria

Answer 7

1) cold stage
2) hot stage
3) sweating stage

Question 8

When does the clinical attacks reappear?

Answer 8

Relapse:- presence of hypnozoites (vivax and ovale)

Recurdescence:- when patient becomes immunosuppressed (plasmodium malariae and falciparum)

Question 9

Malaria can cause heal lyric anemia?

Answer 9

Vivax and ovale affect/prefer young RBCs

Malariae prefers old RBCs

Falciparum invades any RBCs

Question 10

Why does splenomegaly and enlargement of liver occur from malaria ?

Answer 10

Enhanced phagocytosis of remnants of ruptured RBCs and debris of schizont. In liver and spleen.

Question 11

Which plasmodium species can cause Nephrotic Syndrome?

Answer 11

Malariae

Question 12

Why does nephrotic syndrome occur ?

Answer 12

• Plas. Malariae parasites carry excess antigen
• So the immune system reacts by producing excess Antibody.
• this complex circulate and deposit on the glomerular wall to activate complement cascade which cause tissue damage as it makes a hole in the membrane of the kidney.

Question 13

What are the prognosis of falciparum malaria infection ?

Answer 13

1) knob formation:-trophozoite and schizont contain antigen on the surface these antigens/knob which adhere to receptors on endothelium of blood capillaries of internal tissue which leads to decrease in blood supply to that tissue therefore causes death of tissue.
2) hyper-reactive malarial splenomegaly:- exaggerated immune response due to attacks, inhibition of suppressor T cell that regulate igM
3) black water fever:- a) fever anemia
b) jaundice
c) heanoglobinuria