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Making Of Modern Britain Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the positives of the 1832 reform act?

A
  • Electorate increases to 652000.
  • 56 towns with populations less than 2000 lost both of their MPs.
  • Distributed MPs more.
  • 30 towns with population between 2000 and 4000 lost one of their 2 MPs.
  • Constituencies were divided differently to reflect the changes in towns and cities.
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2
Q

What were the limitations to the 1832 reform act?

A
  • Most MPs still came from the south of England.
  • A person still had to own land to become an MP.
  • Still no secret ballot.
  • Still only 1 in 7 adults could vote.
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3
Q

Did the 1832 reform act make Britain more democratic?

A

No as the government was not run by the people. Not every adult could vote and people from all areas should be able to vote not just people who owned land. However, they have made a change to distributing more MPs. The 6/7 that couldn’t vote thought it was a disgrace.

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4
Q

What are the key features of a democracy?

A
  • The adult population has the right to vote.
  • Voting carried out in secret.
  • All areas of the country represented.
  • Choice of candidates/ parties.
  • Payment of representatives.
  • Regular elections.
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5
Q

What is a democracy?

A

Government by the people; a form of government which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised by them or by elected agents.

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6
Q

What did the reform act of 1832 do?

A

More people were represented by MPs 1/7 could vote

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7
Q

What did the 2nd reform act of 1867 do?

A

1/3 could vote

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8
Q

What did the secret ballot act of 1872 do?

A

allowed people to vote in secret

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9
Q

What did the corrupt illegal practices act (CIPA) of 1883 do?

A

It set a maximum spend on elections

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10
Q

What was the positives of the parliament act 1911?

A
  • Tried to stop the unelected House of Lords blocking legislation
  • Took away the lords power over bills concerning taxation and government spending
  • Could still amend or reject other bills but could only delay them for 2 parliament sessions
  • Reduced the maximum length of Parliament from 7 years to 5 years
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11
Q

What is the positives of the payments of MPs 1911?

A
  • Salary of £400 to be paid to be MPs
  • Enabled working class men to become MPs
  • Makes Parliament more representative
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12
Q

What is the positives of the representation of the people act (ROPA) 1918?

A
  • 8.5 million women over 30 given the vote
  • Plural voting greatly reduced
  • Entire countries now single member constituencies
  • Electorate trebled from 7 million to 21 million
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13
Q

What are the limitations to the representation of the people act (ROPA) 1918?

A
  • Only women over 30 could vote- not reduced until 1928

* Not equal with men

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14
Q

Facts on the Labour Party

A
  • The British Labour Party grew out of the table Union movement of the late 19th century
  • The Labour Party was founded in 1900
  • It became a focus for the working class vote
  • The 1st leader was a Scotsman from Lanarkshire
  • In the 1906 election they won 29 seats
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15
Q

What was the things that started to change for women between 1870 and 1886?

A

1870- Married women can keep their earnings
1882- A wife has the right to own property
1886- A husband who deserts his wife has to pay money towards her keep
1886- A mother became the legal parent of her child if the father dies

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16
Q

What did the conservatives think about the women wanting the vote?

A

Against it as they were worried women would vote for liberal or labour

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17
Q

What did the liberals think about women wanting the vote?

A

Many favoured it however, they feared that if the vote was given to them they would just vote conservatives along with their husbands.

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18
Q

What did labour think about women wanting the vote?

A

They were in favour of women suffrage but wanted all the working class men to vote first.

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19
Q

What did Sarah Sewel say about educated women and their housework lives?

A

“ The profoundly well educated women rarely make good mothers… nor do they enjoy the interesting work of attending to small children.”

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20
Q

What were suffragette tactics?

A
  • Window smashing in reform street.
  • Cutting phone wires
  • The derby incident
  • Hunger strikes
  • Slashing important paintings
  • Sending letter bombs
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21
Q

Who was Emily Davidson and what did she do?

A

She was a suffragette who threw herself in front of the kings horse at the derby

She was killed and it was witnessed but a huge crowd and caught on film

She became a martyr for the cause

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22
Q

Overall was the suffragettes campaigns successful?

A

Yes, even though they didn’t gain the vote they still brought it to society’s attention. What they done has still been talked about today and they have done a lot for women.

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23
Q

Explain what happened with the conciliation bills in 1910-1912

A

1911
Votes for women getting the vote= 225
Votes against= 88
Passes first reading

1912
Votes for= 208
Votes against= 222
Fails second reading

1911-1912
Suffragettes wage a violent campaign against MPs

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24
Q

What did Marion Wallace Dunlop do?

A

She was the first women to go on hunger strike

The government got scared she would die in prison

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25
Q

What are the successful things about the suffragette campaign?

A
  • Brought much needed publicity to the movement
  • During wild period issue of female suffragettes it was discussed daily in parliament
  • Some politicians claimed they gave money the vote in 1918 to prevent a return to the cold period
  • Force feeding and Cat and Mouse act was good publicity
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26
Q

What was the unsuccessful things about the suffragette campaigns?

A
  • Some Argus that their ‘terrorist’ methods delayed the vote as the government couldn’t give into them
  • Pro female suffrage candidates tended to do badly in elections
  • Posters got ripped up
  • Membership was dropped
  • Caused divisions in the movements
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27
Q

What is the cat and mouse act?

A

When women went on hunger strike after a certain amount of days they would be let out. women would think they were out for good so would eat but the government would just rearrest them

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28
Q

In what areas did attitudes towards women change?

A
  • Education
  • Law
  • Politics
  • Employment
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29
Q

How did attitudes towards women and education change?

Analyse the point

A
  • By 1914, secondary schools were opened for girls.
  • Most universities allowed mien to enter but denied degrees.
  • All women colleges opened

Analysis
As women because better educated, they were no longer viewed as ‘too stupid’ to vote- they were now thought to be more deserving of the vote.

30
Q

How did attitudes towards women and Employment change?

Analyse it

A
  • Still denied better paid jobs and more interesting jobs
  • Nee white collar/ Office jobs opened for women

Analysis

31
Q

How did attitudes towards women and the Law change?

Analyse it

A

Married women property act 1870 and 1882:
• Allowed women to be legal owners of the money they earn
• Allowed then to own and control their own property

Analysis
As the Law was beginning to improve the rights of women were believed to be able to be improved further by gaining the vote

32
Q

How did the attitudes towards women and politics change?

Analyse it

A

Women were given a small part in politics:
1869- Allowed to vote in local elections
1870- Women were allowed to join school boards
1894- Women were Allowed to stand as candidates in local elections

Analysis
Women were annoyed that they could not be trusted with the responsibility for national level

33
Q

What happened to the suffragette campaign during WW2?

A

Mrs Pankhurst suspended all campaigns in order to fully support the war.

34
Q

What were the dangers for women working in factories?

A

Many women could develop jaundice and become infertile.

There was often explosions which caused many deaths and large injuries of workers.

35
Q

What was the response to the women’s war effort from newspapers and government ?

A

They called women workers “heroines”.

“The nation thanks the women” posters went up all over Britain

Some politicians found themselves influenced by the change in public opening

36
Q

What is the representation of the people’s act 1918?

A
  • women over the age of 30 can vote

* it was not until 1928 when women over 21 were given the vote

37
Q

What does Martin Pugh argue about women gaining the vote?

A

He says women would have gotten the vote anyway because Britain would have been behind other countries

38
Q

Give a quote for the success of suffragists

A

“ Prior to 1914 it was the WSPU who revitalised the questions of votes for women” - M mackenzie

39
Q

Give a quote for the failure of suffragists

A

“ If they had hit docks or railways (economic tactics) the government would have taken them more seriously” - Morrison

40
Q

A quote to suggest women’s war effort gave them the vote

A

“ The war brought a new found confidence in women” - Arthur Mawrick

41
Q

What did Asquith say about women’s war efforts?

A

“ How could we have fought and won the war without them”

42
Q

What was the governments attitude in early 1900?

A

Britain was extremely wealthy and there was a Laissez-faire attitude and it being a very self-help situation meaning people were expected to deal with their own financial hardship

The government thought poverty was self inflicted

43
Q

What made people poor in the 19c Britain?

A
  • Poor housing outside toilets dampness
  • Poor health lack of affordable health care
  • Malnutrition leading to health issues like rickets
  • Low wages few benefits
  • Unemployment often cynical or seasonal
  • Dependence on charity and voluntary organisation
  • High death rates in young
  • Lack of education
  • Drunkenness and gambling
44
Q

What is a borstal?

A

A prison for young offenders

45
Q

Between 1906-1914 the liberal government moved away from the laissez-faire policy and passed several reforms. Who were these aimed at?

A

Y - young
O -old
U - unemployed
S - sick

46
Q

What are the reforms given to the young

A

1- Children’s school meals
2- School medical inspection
3- The children’s charter

47
Q

What was the problem behind children’s school meals and what was the action taken?

A

Problem- When compulsory education brought to light that children from slum areas were too hungry to learn.

  • Before liberal came into power it was illegal to give free school meals
  • Report publishes in 1889 said 80000 pupils in London were attending school “in want of food”

Action- The first Reform introduced after their success was the provision of school meal acts 1906

48
Q

What is the positives and negatives of the first reform for children- School meal act 1906?

A

Positives
• Research carries out in 1907 showed a clear correlation between weight gain during school terms and weight most during the school holiday for children who received the school meals

Negative
• Was not compulsory it was a rather cautious piece of legislation
• “ Only small and produced limited progress” - Fraser

49
Q

What was the problem behind why School medical inspections were brought in and what was the action taken?

A

Problem- Still massive outbreaks of disease (tb). Government wanted to go in and check they had it.

  • Report found in 1908 found that 55% of children with medical problems had not been treated
  • 80% had defective teeth
  • 30% had lice or nits
  • 9% had tickets due to bad nutrition

Action- In 1907 the education act made medical inspections for children compulsory.
- A child had to have three inspections which must take place during a child’s school year

50
Q

What are the positives and negatives of the School medical inspections?

A

Positive- It helped improve national health levels in children.
- By 1914 most authorities were providing some medical treatment for children.

Negative- No such measure introduced after school life.
- The act did not compel local authorities to set up clinics although many were set up in 1912.

51
Q

What was the problems behind the children charter and what was the action taken?

A

Problem- they wanted to improve the welfare and protection of children as it was lacking

Action- banned children under the age of 14 from public houses

  • Children under 16 were forbidden to smoke or drink alcohol or beg.
  • Bristol’s for children were set up
  • Children were tried in juvenile courts
52
Q

What was the problem with the old people for a reform to be brought in?

A
  • Booth has highlighted the extent of poverty associated with old age.
  • The elderly were by far the largest section of society who were poor.
  • In some areas of Britain half of all old people ended up in the workhouse.
53
Q

What was the action taken to help the old?

A
  • Everyone over the age of 70 as of right was entitled to old age pension provided they:
    • Were British
    • Had lived in Britain for 20 years
    • Had not been in prison for the last 10 years
    • Had not avoided work in the past
    • Had not been detained for drunkenness in the last 10 years
    • Entitled people to 5 shillings per week
54
Q

What was the positives of the old age pensions?

A
  • No insurance contributions were necessary- the pension was a right
  • There was a 75% decrease in old people having to enter the workhouse between 1906 and 1913
  • This was clear evidence of extent now being received by the state pension
  • Nearly one million elderly people were applying for pensions in 1914 which doubled from 1908 figure who qualified then
55
Q

What were the negative of the old age pension?

A
  • The pension still fell below most of the existing poverty lines
  • Only half a million elderly qualified in 1908
  • Many people would not reach the age of 70 so wouldn’t benefit from the pension
  • Appeared to have been designed to allow the least number at elderly to be entitled to it
  • There was still exemptions based on moral grounds e.g. Drunkenness
56
Q

What was the problems behind the sick workers?

A
  • Loss of wages by the breadwinner due to illness could quickly tumble a family into poverty.
  • Most workers never had insurance as it was too expensive.
  • Workers often struggled on in work until illness was serious and prolonged absences had to be taken
57
Q

What was the action taken for sick workers?

A

Liberal passed the National Insurance Act In 1911
- provided compulsory insurance against sickness for all earning up to £160 p.a

  • Employee payed 4d, employer 3D and state 2d
    •Entitled insured workers to a 10s a week for 13 weeks, then 5 shillings for a further 13 weeks in any year.
    • Entitled to free medical care
    • Maternity benefits of 30s paid
    • If worker had TB, would get allowance for treatment at sanatorium

The 4,3,2 act was how much each person paid for the insurance

58
Q

What was the positives of the National Insurance Act 1911?

A

Positive
• Huge improvement on existing provision
• This along with unemployment insurance had greatest impact on reducing poverty
• Workers now were more likely to seek medical help now that it was covered whereas before may have gone untreated until too late
• Were getting professional medical treatment for the first time
• 10 million men and 4 million women were covered by national insurance

59
Q

What was the negatives of the National Insurance Act 1911?

A
  • No provision for hospitals (access)
  • Failed to include dependents in scheme (mostly women)
  • National Insurance was another tax on already low wages
  • Flat rate contributions (everyone paying the same no matter how well off) it hurt the poor people more than the rich as everyone had to do the 4,3,2 Act.
  • The government admitted that it was only a beginning
60
Q

What was the problems that introduced the Labour exchange Act for unemployed workers?

A
  • The unemployed would have to walk from factory to factory asking if there was any vaccines- ineffective and dispiriting
  • Factories has difficulties matching jobs with suitability skilled employee
61
Q

What was the action taken to help unemployed workers by liberals?

A
  • Labour exchanges were set up around Britain
  • This was also more efficient for employers who could post jobs available at the Labour exchange
  • Workers would claim benefits from the Labour exchange after signing on
62
Q

What was the positives and negatives of the Labour exchange Act 1909?

A

Positives
• By 1913 there was 430 Labour exchanges in Britain
• They were dealing with 2 million workers per year by 1914

Negatives
• Workers initially feared the Labour exchanges were an employers took to recruit strike breakers

63
Q

What was the problem and action for the National Insurance Act part 2 (1911)?

A

Problem
• Seasonal layoffs were common

Action
• Insured Workers in trades which were works hit by seasonal unemployment or trade depression e.g. shipbuilding, engineering, construction
• Scheme applies to over 2 million men
• Workers and employers each paid 2 and a half d a week and the state contributed
• Workers who become unemployed could get 7 shillings a week for up to 15 weeks in any one year

64
Q

What did Neville Chamberland say about ww2 evacuees?

A

“ I never knew people were as poor as this and I’m ashamed about that”

65
Q

Give a quote to describe the Labour exchange

A

“ They were a great success” -Rees

66
Q

What was the problems for employed workers?

A
  • Low pay

* Long hours

67
Q

What was the action taken for employed workers?

A
  1. A workmens compensation act 1906
    • Nearly all employers were protected against industrial injuries
    • Employers we’re liable to pay compensation for industrial diseases contracted by the workhouse
  2. Coal mines act 1908
    • Gave miners an eight-hour day
  3. Trade doors Act 1909
    • Set up trade boards for badly paid ‘sweated trades’ like the lace work and tailoring
    • The boards fixed minimum rates per hour and piecework rates
  4. Shops act 1911
    • Gave shop workers a half-day off every week and reasonable meal breaks
68
Q

How effective was the help put out for employed workers?

A

Taken together these laws were a significant improvement of working conditions for millions of workers

69
Q

Who was evacuated during ww2?

A
  • School children and their teachers
  • Mothers with children under 5
  • Pregnant women
  • Some disables people
70
Q

Summarise the problem observed by country people when they seen the evacuees of poor people

A

The most important issues was the chronic health observed by families in the countryside

Many evacuated children were lighter and shorter than children of the same age group in rural areas

This changed people’s attitudes towards poverty and poor people

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