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Freshmen Make Up Exam > Make Up > Flashcards

Make Up Flashcards

1
Q

Amplitude

A

1/2 of the range from crest to valley

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2
Q

Wavelength

A

Is the distance from one crest to another, from one valley to another, or from any point on the sine wave to the next corresponding point.

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3
Q

Frequency

A

Is the number of wavelengths that pass a point of observation per second.

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4
Q

Rectifier

A

Allows current flow in one direction. x-ray tubes must be provided with direct current. X-rays are produced by the acceleration of electrons from the cathode to the anode.

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5
Q

Rectification

A

is accomplished with diodes. A diode is an electronic device that contains two electrodes. they are made by solid-state rectifiers made of silicon.

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6
Q

Single Phase Power

A

Single phase power results in a pulsating x-ray beam. This is causes by the alternate swing in voltage from zero to maximum potential 120 times each second under full-wave rectification. The x-rays produced when the single-phase voltage waveform has a value near zero are of little diagnostic value because of their low energy; such xrays have low penetrability.

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7
Q

Three Phase Power

A

Multiple voltage wave forms are superimposed on one another, resulting in a waveform that maintains a nearly constant high voltage. There are 6 pulses per 1/60s compared with the two pulses characteristic of single phase power.

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8
Q

High frequency Generator

A

High frequency generators produce a nearly constant potential voltage waveform, improving image quality at lower patient radiation dose.

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9
Q

Single Phase

A

HU=kVp x mAxS

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10
Q

3 phase, 6 pulse

A

HU=kVp x mAxs =1.35….35%

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11
Q

3 phase, 12 pulse

A

HU=kVp x mAxs=1.41…41%

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12
Q

To see significant increase in density

A

increase mAs 30%

kVP 4%

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13
Q

To see Double density: must

A

double mAs, or increase kVp by 15%

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14
Q

Lumbar

A

Intervertebral Foramina 90 degrees Lateral (right or left)

Zygaphophyseal Joints  45 degrees obliques
Posterior Obliques--downside
RPO--Right joints
LPO--Left joints
Anterior obliques--upside
RAO---left joints
LAO--right joints
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15
Q

Cervical

A

Intervertebral Foramina 45 degrees oblique
CR 15 degrees cephalad–upside visualized
LPO—right foramina
RPO– left foramina
CR 15 degrees caudad–downside visualized
LAO —left foramina
RAO—right foramina

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16
Q

Thoracic

A

Intervetebral Foramina 90 degrees (right or left lateral)
Zygaphphyseal joint 70 degrees oblique

Posterior Oblique—upside
LPO —right zygopophyseal
RPO—Left zygapophyseal

Anterior Oblique–downside

LAO–left zygaphophyseal
RAO—right zygaphophyseal

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17
Q

Bodies center of gravity

A

S2

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18
Q

Radiographic Rating Chart

A

is most important indicates safe/unsafe techniques
x-axis: exposure time
y-axis: Kvp
Below mA line is safe

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19
Q

Anode cooling chart

A

Shows how long to wait to make more exposures after anode has rached max capacity (HU)s
x-axis: time (minutes)
y-axis: HU
curve line: cooling curve

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20
Q

XR Emission Spectrum

A

x-axis: energy (keV) quality

y-axis: quantity

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21
Q

filtration

A

inherent filtration 0.5mm
added filtration 1.0mm
mirror 1.0mm
total: 2.5mm

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22
Q

CR uses IP:

A
  1. Protective layer
  2. Phosphor layer—BFH coated with Europium (PSP) photostimulable phosphore (active layer)
  3. light reflective—sends light forward (some detail lost)
  4. conductive —absorbs static electricity.
  5. support—-semi-rigid, gives IP strength
  6. light shielding
  7. backing—protects back
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23
Q

Solid State lasers

A

less diameter—-better spatial resolution

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24
Q

Laser Scanning

A

Blue light is emitted

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25
Q

Grid frequency

A

Number of grid lines per cm/m

typically 150 + lines/inch

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26
Q

Exposure Indicator

A

Fuji: S# target 200-400 (inverse) high S# means underexposed
Kodak/Carestream: Ei Target 2000 (direct)
Agfa: log mean target =2.2 (direct)

27
Q

Spatial Resolution

A

in DR is pixel limited

28
Q

DR

A

uses flat panel direct capture detector (then temporary stored in TFT’s or thin silm transistors)

29
Q

Indirect conversion System

A

X-ray absorbed by cesium iodide –light
light interacts with Amorphous silicon
Photodiode–electric charge

30
Q

Direct Conversion System

A 
Amorphous Selenium
(a-Se) electric charge
31
Q

Sensitivity speck

A

Electrons traps in conductive layer

32
Q

increasing filtration

A

primary purpose rad protection
lowers patient dose
increases beam energy by removing weak beams
decreases beam quantity by removing weak beams
Most scatter results from Compton
Filtration does affect image contrast by affecting the differential absorption (reduces subject contrast)

33
Q

Volvulus

A

Twisting of intestines on its own mesentery–beak sign cork-screw look.

34
Q

Hallux

A

big toe

35
Q

Annual limit for techs

A

5 rem=0.05 Sv

36
Q

Normal Cretinine

A

0.6-1.5mg/100ml

37
Q

Geometric Factors

A

magnification, distortion, focal spot blur

38
Q

XRs transmitted w/o interaction

A

rad imaging

39
Q

visibility of detail

A

is affected by contrast and OD

40
Q

Sella Turcica

A

3/4 superior and 3/4 anterior to EAM

41
Q

Waters

A

OML is at 37 degrees to IR
MML is perpendicular to IR
CR at acanthion
Petrous Ridges below maxillary sinuses

42
Q

Modified Waters

A

OML 55 degrees to IR
Orbits shown w/o distortion (orbital floors perpendicular to IR)
Best for orbital fractures

43
Q

Haustra

A

normal pouches/sacs along LG intestines

44
Q

Principle function of grid

A

improve image contrast

45
Q

The ? is the source of radiation in the x-ray tube.

A

focal spot

46
Q

Because of the line focus principle, the effective focal spot size decreases with ? decreasing.

A

target angle

47
Q

The negative side of the x-ray tube holds the

A

filament

48
Q

what is the most common cause of tube failure?

A

tungston vaporization

49
Q

The filament is made up of

A

tungsten

50
Q

Thermionic emission at the filament creates

A

space charge

51
Q

The rotating anode is turned by a

A

magnetic field

52
Q

When electrons bombard the target, ?% of their kinetic energy is converted to heat.

A

99%

53
Q

The target of the rotating anode is usually coated with a ? alloy.

A

tungsten

54
Q

The ? is the source of radiation in the x-ray tube.

A

focal spot

55
Q

Because of the line focus principle, the effective focal spot size decreases with decreasing

A

target angle

56
Q

High capacity tube rotors revolve at

A

10,000 rpm

57
Q

The x-ray intensity is lower on the anode side of the tube because of the ?

A

heel effect

58
Q

Tube failure can occur from

A

long exposure times

59
Q

The filament in an x-ray tube is about ?cm in length

A

1 to 2

60
Q

A dual focus tube has two

A

filaments

61
Q

Each tube has its own tube rating chart to show

A

maximum exposure times

62
Q

The ? are outside the glass envelope

A

stators

63
Q

Extrafocal or off focus radiation is produced from

A

rebounding electrons

Freshmen Make Up Exam (1 decks)

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