Make It Stick

Question 1

Retrieval strengthens the __________ and interrupts _________

Answer 1

Memory
Forgetting
Periodic practice arrests forgetting, strengthens retrieval routes

Question 2

What is spaced out practice called?

Answer 2

Interleaval

Question 3

All new learning requires

Answer 3

A foundation of prior knowledge

Question 4

What is elaboration?

Answer 4

The process of giving new material meaning by expressing it in your own words and connecting it with what you already know

Question 5

Putting new knowledge into a larger context helps learning

Answer 5

Example - The more of the unfolding story of history you know, the more you can learn

Question 6

What gives you an advantage in learning complex mastery

Answer 6

Extracting key ideas from new material and organizing them into a mental model and connecting that model to prior knowledge

Question 7

What are the 3 reasons why ReReading fail?

Answer 7

1. Time consuming
2. It doesn’t result in durable memory
3. self-deception that the material is being mastered.

Question 8

How does one gain Mastery in any field

Answer 8

Gradual Accretion of 1. knowledge
2. conceptual understanding
3. judgement
4. skill

Question 9

The act of retrieving learning from memory has two profound benefits

Answer 9

1. It tell’s you what you know and what you don’t know
2. Recalling what you have learned causes the brain to reconsolidate the memory.

Question 10

Reflection involves several cognitive activities that lead to stronger learning. What are those 3.

Answer 10

Retrieving knowledge and earlier training from memory, connecting these to new experiences, and visualizing and mentally rehearsing what you might do differently

Question 11

How does giving feedback on wrong answers to test questions affect learning?

Answer 11

Feedback strengthens retention more than testing alone. Delaying feedback briefly producers better long-term learning than immediate feedback

Question 12

Why does retrieval practice work?

Answer 12

The act of retrieving a memory changes the memory making it easier to recall later

Question 13

Why should corrective feedback be given?

Answer 13

It keeps from incorrectly retaining material that was misunderstood and produces better learning

Question 14

What’s better than massed practice

Answer 14

Practice that is spaced-out, interleaved with other learning, and varied

Question 15

Is Massed Practice or practice that is interleaved, spaced out and varied more difficult

Answer 15

Practice that is interleaved, spaced-out and varied is more difficult the results are not immediately felt. But it is much better in the long run.

Question 16

Why is spaced practice more effective than massed practice?

Answer 16

Embedded new learning in long-term memory requires a period of consolidation, in which memory traces are strengthened, given meaning, and connected to prior knowledge.

Question 17

What is Interleaved practice?

Answer 17

The practice of two or more subjects or skills

Question 18

What is implicit memory?

Answer 18

automatic retrieval of past experiences in interpreting a new one

Question 19

Spacing, Interleaving and Variability are natural features of how we conduct our lives also called

Answer 19

Learning from Experience

Question 20

Short term impediments that make for stronger learning is called:

Answer 20

Desirable difficulties

Question 21

What are the 3 processes for learning

Answer 21

Encoding
Consolidation
Retrievel

Question 22

The process of converting sensory perceptions into meaningful representations in the brain

Answer 22

Encoding

Question 23

The process of strengthening the mental representations for long term memory

Answer 23

Consolidation

Question 24

The more effort required to retrieve somthing

Answer 24

The better you learn it

Question 25

Effortful recall of learning

Answer 25

Requires that you reload or reconstruct the components from long term memory

Question 26

Massed Practice

Answer 26

makes us think we are mastering something because we are looping information through short term memory

Question 27

Mental Models

Answer 27

are forms of deeply entrenched and highly efficient skills or knowledge structures that can be adapted and applied in varied circumstances

Question 28

Why does Interleaving work

Answer 28

The heightened sensitivity to similarities and differences leads to the encoding of morecomplex and nuanced representations

Question 29

When you are asked to struggle with a problem before being shown how to solve it - Generation

Answer 29

the subsequent solution is better learned and more durably remembered

Question 30

It is better to solve a problem than to

Answer 30

memorize the solution

Question 31

Reflection is

Answer 31

taking a few minutes to ask yourself questions about what you just learned.

Question 32

Write to Learn

Answer 32

an example of reflection where you write what you heard in your own words

Question 33

How does fear of failure poison learning

Answer 33

Creating aversions to the kind of experimentation risk taking that characterize striving

Question 34

Why can difficulties be desirable when it comes to learning

Answer 34

They trigger encoding and retrieval processes that support learning, comprehension and remembering.

Question 35

Learning always builds on a store of prior knowledge

Answer 35

We interpret and remember events by building connections to what we already know

Question 36

What does periodic retrieval of learning do for you

Answer 36

It helps strengthen connections to the memory and the cues for recalling it

Question 37

What is metacognition?

Answer 37

Monitoring your own thinking

Question 38

What does narrative do

Answer 38

Provides a mental framework for imbuing future experiences and information with meaning