Make It Stick Flashcards
Retrieval strengthens the __________ and interrupts _________
Memory
Forgetting
Periodic practice arrests forgetting, strengthens retrieval routes
What is spaced out practice called?
Interleaval
All new learning requires
A foundation of prior knowledge
What is elaboration?
The process of giving new material meaning by expressing it in your own words and connecting it with what you already know
Putting new knowledge into a larger context helps learning
Example - The more of the unfolding story of history you know, the more you can learn
What gives you an advantage in learning complex mastery
Extracting key ideas from new material and organizing them into a mental model and connecting that model to prior knowledge
What are the 3 reasons why ReReading fail?
- Time consuming
- It doesn’t result in durable memory
- self-deception that the material is being mastered.
How does one gain Mastery in any field
Gradual Accretion of 1. knowledge
2. conceptual understanding
3. judgement
4. skill
The act of retrieving learning from memory has two profound benefits
- It tell’s you what you know and what you don’t know
- Recalling what you have learned causes the brain to reconsolidate the memory.
Reflection involves several cognitive activities that lead to stronger learning. What are those 3.
Retrieving knowledge and earlier training from memory, connecting these to new experiences, and visualizing and mentally rehearsing what you might do differently
How does giving feedback on wrong answers to test questions affect learning?
Feedback strengthens retention more than testing alone. Delaying feedback briefly producers better long-term learning than immediate feedback
Why does retrieval practice work?
The act of retrieving a memory changes the memory making it easier to recall later
Why should corrective feedback be given?
It keeps from incorrectly retaining material that was misunderstood and produces better learning
What’s better than massed practice
Practice that is spaced-out, interleaved with other learning, and varied
Is Massed Practice or practice that is interleaved, spaced out and varied more difficult
Practice that is interleaved, spaced-out and varied is more difficult the results are not immediately felt. But it is much better in the long run.
Why is spaced practice more effective than massed practice?
Embedded new learning in long-term memory requires a period of consolidation, in which memory traces are strengthened, given meaning, and connected to prior knowledge.
What is Interleaved practice?
The practice of two or more subjects or skills
What is implicit memory?
automatic retrieval of past experiences in interpreting a new one
Spacing, Interleaving and Variability are natural features of how we conduct our lives also called
Learning from Experience
Short term impediments that make for stronger learning is called:
Desirable difficulties
What are the 3 processes for learning
Encoding
Consolidation
Retrievel
The process of converting sensory perceptions into meaningful representations in the brain
Encoding
The process of strengthening the mental representations for long term memory
Consolidation
The more effort required to retrieve somthing
The better you learn it
Effortful recall of learning
Requires that you reload or reconstruct the components from long term memory
Massed Practice
makes us think we are mastering something because we are looping information through short term memory
Mental Models
are forms of deeply entrenched and highly efficient skills or knowledge structures that can be adapted and applied in varied circumstances
Why does Interleaving work
The heightened sensitivity to similarities and differences leads to the encoding of morecomplex and nuanced representations
When you are asked to struggle with a problem before being shown how to solve it - Generation
the subsequent solution is better learned and more durably remembered
It is better to solve a problem than to
memorize the solution
Reflection is
taking a few minutes to ask yourself questions about what you just learned.
Write to Learn
an example of reflection where you write what you heard in your own words
How does fear of failure poison learning
Creating aversions to the kind of experimentation risk taking that characterize striving
Why can difficulties be desirable when it comes to learning
They trigger encoding and retrieval processes that support learning, comprehension and remembering.
Learning always builds on a store of prior knowledge
We interpret and remember events by building connections to what we already know
What does periodic retrieval of learning do for you
It helps strengthen connections to the memory and the cues for recalling it
What is metacognition?
Monitoring your own thinking
What does narrative do
Provides a mental framework for imbuing future experiences and information with meaning
