make flashcards about iheritance unit of a level and about photosynthesis and respiration and also A

1
Q

What is inheritance in genetics?

A

Inheritance is the process by which genetic information is passed from parents to offspring.

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2
Q

What are alleles?

A

Alleles are different versions of a gene that determine specific traits.

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3
Q

What does homozygous mean?

A

Homozygous refers to having two identical alleles for a particular gene.

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4
Q

What does heterozygous mean?

A

Heterozygous refers to having two different alleles for a particular gene.

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5
Q

What is a genotype?

A

A genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism, represented by the alleles it possesses.

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6
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

A phenotype is the observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism, determined by its genotype.

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7
Q

True or False: Dominant alleles always mask the effects of recessive alleles.

A

True

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8
Q

What is a Punnett square?

A

A Punnett square is a diagram used to predict the genotype and phenotype combinations in genetic crosses.

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9
Q

What is the purpose of meiosis?

A

Meiosis is the process that produces gametes, reducing the chromosome number by half.

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10
Q

Fill in the blank: The physical location of a gene on a chromosome is called its ___.

A

locus

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11
Q

What is a recessive trait?

A

A recessive trait is one that is expressed only when two recessive alleles are present.

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12
Q

What is codominance?

A

Codominance is a situation where both alleles in a heterozygote contribute to the phenotype.

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13
Q

What is incomplete dominance?

A

Incomplete dominance is when the phenotype of a heterozygote is intermediate between the phenotypes of the two homozygotes.

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14
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A

Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants and some other organisms convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose.

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15
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur in plant cells?

A

Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts.

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16
Q

What are the two main stages of photosynthesis?

A

The two main stages of photosynthesis are the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle).

17
Q

What is the primary pigment involved in photosynthesis?

A

Chlorophyll is the primary pigment involved in photosynthesis.

18
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy → C6H12O6 + 6O2.

19
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy, carbon dioxide, and water.

20
Q

Where does cellular respiration occur in eukaryotic cells?

A

Cellular respiration occurs in the mitochondria.

21
Q

What are the three main stages of cellular respiration?

A

The three main stages of cellular respiration are glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain.

22
Q

What is the main energy currency of the cell?

A

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the main energy currency of the cell.

23
Q

True or False: Anaerobic respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen.

24
Q

What is lactic acid fermentation?

A

Lactic acid fermentation is a type of anaerobic respiration that occurs in muscle cells and some bacteria, producing lactic acid.

25
Q

What is alcoholic fermentation?

A

Alcoholic fermentation is a type of anaerobic respiration that occurs in yeast and some other microorganisms, producing ethanol and carbon dioxide.

26
Q

Fill in the blank: The process of converting glucose into pyruvate is called ___.

A

glycolysis

27
Q

What is the role of NADH in cellular respiration?

A

NADH is an electron carrier that transports electrons to the electron transport chain.

28
Q

What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?

A

Oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.

29
Q

What is the byproduct of photosynthesis?

A

The byproduct of photosynthesis is oxygen.

30
Q

What is the byproduct of aerobic respiration?

A

The byproducts of aerobic respiration are carbon dioxide and water.

31
Q

How do photosynthesis and cellular respiration relate to each other?

A

Photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen, while cellular respiration uses glucose and oxygen to produce energy, carbon dioxide, and water.

32
Q

What is a gene?

A

A gene is a segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein or trait.

33
Q

What are genetic disorders?

A

Genetic disorders are diseases caused by abnormalities in an individual’s DNA.

34
Q

What is a pedigree chart?

A

A pedigree chart is a diagram that shows the occurrence and appearance of phenotypes of a particular gene or organism from one generation to the next.

35
Q

What is a test cross?

A

A test cross is a breeding experiment used to determine the genotype of an individual with a dominant phenotype.

36
Q

What is the significance of the law of segregation?

A

The law of segregation states that during the formation of gametes, the two alleles responsible for a trait separate from each other.

37
Q

What is the significance of the law of independent assortment?

A

The law of independent assortment states that alleles for different traits are distributed to gametes independently of one another.