Majority & Minority Research Flashcards
What is the operational definitions of “the self”?
- Self consept (self & cognition)
- Self-esteem (self & affects)
- Self presentation (self & behaviour)
What is the minimal group paradigm?
Experiment done by Tajfel;
Investigating the minimal conditions required for (minor) discrimination between groups.
What is Erik Erikson’s contribution to the psychosocial development theory?
- Development is driven by social interaction
- Stage theory: 8 stages (lifespan)
- Each stage has its own crisis, its solution will have impacts on later stages.
What is the “main motive” behind social identification?
The motive of belonging is the most important motive of social identification.
- Leary and Baumeister
What is “optimal distinctivity theory”?
Individuals desire to attain an optimal balance of inclusion and distinctiveness within and between social groups and situations.
- “to belong and to be distinctive”
What is regarded as the central hypothesis of social identity?
In-group members (IG) seek to find negative aspects of an out-group (OG), thus enhancing their self-image
What is categorization?
- People categorize themselves, leading to self-stereotyping (applying stereotypes about the group to themselves) and depersonalization of self-perception (not perceiving self in individual qualities but perceiving self as a group members with characteristics of group).
Tesser’s Self-evaluation maintenance model
A person will try to maintain or increase their own self-evaluation, and self-evaluation is influenced by relationships with others.
Two people in a relationship each aim to keep themselves feeling good psychologically throughout a comparison process to the other person
Social identity development theory Nesdale
- UNDIFERENTIATED - At age 2-3 years, the child has no knowledge about their racial cues.
- ETHNIC AWARENESS - Emerging at age 3, the child realizes that he/she is a member of a particular ethnic group
- ETHNIC PREFERENCE - The dominant group of children prompts a focus on, and preference for, the ethnic in-group
- ETHNIC PREJUDICE - Arrises at the age of 7. Prejudice entails an active process of change from a state of mere ethnic preference to feeling prejudice towards an ethnic minority group
Social identity theory by Tajfel
Social identity theory proposes that a person’s sense of who they are depends on the groups to which they belong.
- Social categorization
- Social identification
- Social Comparison
James Marcia’s identity stages
Identity stages can be organized along 2 dimensions:
- Exploration in identity issues (yes/no)
- Commitment in the identity domain (yes/no)
Components of ethnic identity (Phinney)
- Ethnic self-categorization, ethnic self-label
- Exploration: reading and talking to people, learning cultural practices, and attending cultural events etc.
- Ethnic behaviors speaking the language, eating the food, and associating with members of one´s group
- Evaluation and in-group attitudes: feeling comfortable with one´s ethnicity and having positive feelings about one´s group membership
- Values and beliefs specific to group. Importance and salience important attributed to one´s ethnic identity.
Changes of ethnic identity during development (Phinney)
- Unexamined (unaware of ethnic identity, does not know it, does not understand it).
- exploration (learning, experiencing)
- achieved identity
Helm’s Model of White Identity Development
- Contact
- Disintegration
- Reintegration
- Pseudo-independence
- Immersion/emmersion
- Autonomy
What are the steps of Eriksons development theory?
- Infancy (Birth-18 months) -
- Toddler (18 months-3 years)
- Preschooler (3-5)
- School age child (6-12)
- Adolescent (12-18)
- Young Adult (18-35)
- Middle-aged adult (35-65)
- Late adult (65-death)
