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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Major Themes of Anatomy / Anatomical Terms and Organ Systems > Flashcards

Major Themes of Anatomy / Anatomical Terms and Organ Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Define Anatomy.

A

The study of biological structure and form

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2
Q

Define Physiology.

A

The study of biological function.

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3
Q

Define Gross Anatomy

A

What can be seen with the naked eye, without use of machines.

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4
Q

Define Microscopic Anatomy.

A

Cannot be viewed by the naked eye, need equipment.

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5
Q

What is Homeostasis and what does it use to achieve its goals?

A

Homeostasis is the ability to maintain a stable internal environment and uses DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM to do so. Dynamic Equilibrium is the human body’s ability to fluctuate around a set point. Ex. temperature, postural blood pressure.

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6
Q

What is the structural hierarchy of the body?

A

Atoms, Molecules, Organelle, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism

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7
Q

What are the methods of examination (ones performed in routine physical examination)

A

Inspection, Palpation, Auscultation, Percussion

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8
Q

What is the inspection part of the methods of examinations?

A

Care provider will “inspect” your body to catch any harmful abnormalities that may occur. Ex. if someone’s legs were swollen, provider will inspect and see that they are swollen and go on to resolve the issue.

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9
Q

What is the Palpation part of Methods of Examinations?

A

Palpation is the use of hands and/or fingers to feel what could be wrong within someone’s body.

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10
Q

What is Auscultation in Methods of Examination?

A

Listening to the sounds of the body, listening for abnormalities.

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11
Q

What is Percussion in Methods of Examination?

A

Percussion is the method of tapping body parts with fingers, hands, or small instruments to determine size, consistency, and borders of body organs and detect presence or absence of fluid in body areas.

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12
Q

What is the Integumentary system and what is its function?

A

The Integumentary system consists of what you can see when you look at someone. Ex. hair, skin, nails. The Integumentary system’s function is to help maintain a stable internal environment.

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13
Q

What is the Skeletal system and what is its function?

A

The skeletal system consists of bones, ligaments, and cartilage and its function(s) is support, protection, movement. Ex. ribcage, skull, bones.

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14
Q

What is the Muscular system and what is its function?

A

Skeletal muscles, its function is voluntary movement and producing heat / thermal regulation.

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15
Q

What is the Lymphatic system and what is its function?

A

Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels. Its function is to return fluids to blood and plays a role in immunity and protection.

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16
Q

What is the Respiratory system and what is its function?

A

Nasal passage, Trachea, Lungs. Its function is to deliver oxygen to blood and remove carbon dioxide from the body.

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17
Q

What is the Urinary system and what is its function?

A

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra. Function is to eliminate waste products. Plays a role in acid base balance (PH) and helps maintain blood pressure.

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18
Q

What is the nervous system and what is its function?

A

Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves. Function is rapid communication using internal signals. One of the major systems for homeostasis (stable internal environment)

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19
Q

What is the Endocrine system and what is its function?

A

Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, testes, ovaries. Function is secretes hormones (communicates through the hormones in the bloodstream which is a slower communication process than nervous system.) Another major system for homeostasis (stable internal environment).

20
Q

What is the Circulatory system and what is its function?

A

Heart, blood vessels, blood. Function is to deliver oxygen and nutrients to tissues and equalizes temperature in the body.

21
Q

What is the Digestive system and what is its function?

A

Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Function is nutrient breakdown and absorption and removes waste from undigested food.

22
Q

What is the Male reproduction system and what is its function?

A

Penis, testicles, prostate, spermatic ducts. Function is production and delivery of sperm and secretion of sex hormones.

23
Q

What is the Female reproduction system and what is its function?

A

Uterus, ovaries, vagina, uterine tubes, mammary glands. Function is development of fetus if fertilization occurs, production of eggs, and secretion of sex hormones.

24
Q

What is Histology?

A

The study of tissues and cells under a microscope.

25
Q

What is Physiologic Variation?

A

Differences in organs in different people. Ex. Normal kidney->pelvic kidney->horseshoe kidney. These are different physiologic variations but do not mean that they are harmful.

26
Q

What are membranes?

A

Tissues that line certain surfaces of the body.

27
Q

What is a Mucus Membrane?

A

Cover surfaces which are open to the environment. Ex. digestive and respiratory track.

28
Q

What are Serous Membranes?

A

Dual layered tissue which lines the body cavities and covers the viscera (internal organs). Ex. pleura, pericardium, peritoneum, meninges.

29
Q

What are the 8 Characteristics of life?

A

Organization, Cellular Composition, Metabolism, Responsiveness, Homeostasis, Development (differentiation and growth), Reproduction, Evolution.

30
Q

What is Negative Feedback?

A

When our body is stopping something from occurring. Ex. during dynamic equilibrium (helper of homeostasis that helps keep a stable internal environment by fluctuating between body temperature) when the body reaches a lower body temperature, shivers will occur to warm the body and vise versa sweating occurs to cool the body before the body temperature gets too warm.

31
Q

What is Positive Feedback?

A

Amplifies something until it occurs. Ex. Childbirth. Head of fetus pushes against cervix -> nerve impulses from cervix transmitted to brain -> brain stimulates pituitary gland to secrete oxytocin -> oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions and pushes fetus toward cervix.

32
Q

In homeostasis what are the common components of a Feedback Loop?

A

Receptor, Integration (Control) Center, and Effector

33
Q

What is the Receptor’s function in the Feedback Loop?

A

It senses change in the body.

34
Q

What is the Integration (Control) Center function in the Feedback Loop?

A

Receives information about body changes from receptors and relays new
information to effector.

35
Q

What is the Effector’s function in the Feedback Loop?

A

Receives commands and carries out action.

36
Q

What is Gradient?

A

A force that moves chemicals until they’re at equal level. Moves from high to low concentration or in other words downstream.

37
Q

What is the difference between downstream and upstream in terms of gradients?

A

Downstream is natural and needs no energy. It is the process of moving from a higher to lower concentration. Upstream is an active process that requires energy and moves from lower to higher concentration.

38
Q

What is superior and inferior?

A

Superior means to be situated higher up and inferior is to be below. Ex. the brain is superior to the heart. My foot is inferior to my knee.

39
Q

What do anterior and posterior mean?

A

Anterior is toward the front of the body and posterior is toward the back of the body.

40
Q

What does medial mean?

A

Closer to the center of the body. Ex. in anatomical position, the chest is medial to the arm.

41
Q

What does lateral mean?

A

Farther from the center of the body. Ex. in anatomical position, the thumb is lateral to the ring finger.

42
Q

What does proximal and distal mean?

A

Proximal is closer to the torso part of the body while distal is further from the torso part of the body. Ex. the shoulder is proximal while the hand is distal. The hip is proximal while the foot is distal.

43
Q

What does cranial and caudal mean?

A

Cranial means towards the head and caudal is closer to tail.

44
Q

What does Ipsilateral and Contralateral mean?

A

Ipsilateral means on one side of the body. Ex. Liver. Contralateral means both sides of the body. Ex. Arms.

45
Q

What is a sagittal plane?

A

The plane that separated narrowly down the center of your body. In visual terms if a body was cut by the sagittal plane, you would have both sides of the body each with its own arm, leg, half of brain, etc.

46
Q

What is the frontal plane?

A

The frontal plane splits down the center of the body and would give you a front and a back to a body split apart.

47
Q

What is the transverse plane?

A

The transverse plane cuts through the abdominal/pelvic region horizontally leaving the top and bottom parts of the body.

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (2 decks)

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