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Anatomy & Physiology I > Major Structures of the Brain > Flashcards

Major Structures of the Brain Flashcards

1
Q

Gyri

A

elevated ridges of cerebral tissue

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2
Q

Sulci

A

shallow grooves separating gyri

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3
Q

Central sulcus

A

the sulcus separating the frontal and parietal lobes

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4
Q

Lateral sulcus

A

The sulcus separating the frontal and temporal lobes. The insula lied medial to the lateral sulcus

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5
Q

Longitudinal fissure

A

deep grove separating the cerebral hemisphere

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6
Q

Transverse fissure

A

deep grove separating the cerebral hemisphere from the cerebellum

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7
Q

Lobes

A

areas of the cerebral hemisphere separated by fissures or relatively deep sulci that are consistent among individuals. Usually named for the cranial bones that lie over them

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8
Q

Frontal lobe

A

…

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9
Q

Parietal lobe

A

…

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10
Q

temporal

A

…

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11
Q

occipital

A

…

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12
Q

insula

A

…

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13
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

composed of gray matter; location of our conscious mind; can be subdivided into functional areas, including the following

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14
Q

primary motor cortex

A

controls most voluntary motor functions

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15
Q

premotor cortex

A

controls learned motor skills that are repetitious or have a pattern

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16
Q

Speech center (Broca’s area)

A

controls muscles involved in speech production

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17
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex

A

identifies regions of the body being stimulated; received information form the sensory receptors located in the skin and form proprioceptors in skeletal muscles

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18
Q

somatosensory association cortex

A

integrates information received from the primary somatosensory cortex and enable perception/identification of stimuli

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19
Q

visual area

A

receives visual stimuli originates on the retinas of the eyes (primary visual cortex) and interprets the visual stimuli (visual association area)

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20
Q

Auditory area

A

receives auditory stimuli that originates from the inner ear (primary auditory cortex) and interprets the auditory stimuli (auditory association area)

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21
Q

olfactory cortex

A

receives and interprets olfactory (smell) stimuli

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22
Q

prefrontal cortex (anterior association area)

A

involved with our intellect, complex learning ability, recall, and personality. Necessary for production of abstract ideas, judgment, reasoning, persistence, long-term planning, concern for others, and conscience

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23
Q

General interpretation area (posterior association area)

A

area receiving input from all sensory association areas and integrating the incoming signals into a single thought or understanding of a situation

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24
Q

Cerebral white Matter

A

consists primarily of myelinated fibers bundled into tracts; responsible for communication between cerebral areas and between the cerebral cortex and lower CNS centers

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25
Q

Commissural Fibers

A

form tracts (commissures) connecting corresponding gray areas of the two hemisphere

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26
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

largest commissures

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27
Q

Association fibers

A

form tracts connecting different parts of the same hemisphere

28
Q

Projection fibers

A

form tracts that connect the cerebral hemispheres to the lower brain and spinal cord

29
Q

Basal nuclei

A

Islands of gray matter located deep within the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres; play a role in the subconscious regulation of muscle movement

30
Q

Thalamus

A

Gateway to the cerebral cortex: sorting out, editing, and routing sensory impulses to appropriate region of sensory cortex; transmitting emotional and visceral information between the cerebral cortex and hypothalamus; transmitting impulses from the cerebellum and basal nuclei that help direct the activity of the motor cortices

31
Q

Hypothalamus

A

autonomic control center of the body; coordination of voluntary and autonomic activities, regulation of emotional response, regulation of endocrine functioning, regulation of water balance and thirst, regulation of food intake, regulation of sleep-wake cycle, regulation of body temperature

32
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Not actually a part of the hypothalamus but is directly controlled by it; is part of the endocrine system that releases hormones; sits in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

33
Q

Infundibulum

A

stalk of hypothalamic tissues that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus

34
Q

Mammillary bodies

A

relay station in the olfactory pathways; contains motor nuclei that control motor reflexes associated with eating

35
Q

Pineal gland

A

secretes the hormone melatonin; helps regulate sleep-wake cycle, mood, and reproductive functions

36
Q

Choroid plexus

A

produces cerebrospinal fluid

37
Q

Cerebellum

A

processes information from cerebral motor cortex, proprioceptors and visual and equilibrium pathways; provides instructions to cerebral motor cortex and subcortical motor centers that result in proper balance and posture and smooth; coordinated skeletal muscle movements

38
Q

arbor vitae

A

white matter of the cerebellum named for its tree-like appearance (tree of life); connects cerebellar cortex with cerebellar peduncles

39
Q

cerebellar peduncles

A

contains tracts connecting the brain stem to the cerebellum

40
Q

Brain stem

A

produces rigidly programmed, automatic behaviors; pathway between higher and lower neural tracts; associated with 10 of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves

41
Q

mesencephalon (mid brain)

A

plays a role in pain suppression, visual tracking of moving objects, startle response to unexpected sounds, subconscious control of muscle tone and body position, maintaining consciousness; contains nuclei for cranial nerves III and IV (3&4)

42
Q

Corpora quadrigemina

A

largest nucleus in the white matter of the midbrain; composed of the superior and inferior colliculi

43
Q

superior colliculi

A

visual reflex center that coordinates head and eye movement

44
Q

inferior colliculi

A

auditory reflex center that plays a role in reflexive responses to sound

45
Q

cerebral peduncles

A

contains motor tracts that: connect the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord; connect the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum vis the pons

46
Q

substantia nigra

A

responsible for releasing the neurotransmitter, dopamine; functionally ,it is a part of the basal nuclei

47
Q

pons

A

relays sensory and motor information to the cerebellum, helps regulate respiration; provides tracts for communication between higher brain centers and the medulla oblongata; contains nuclei for cranial nerves V through VIII (5-8)

48
Q

medulla oblongata

A

plays a role in regulating heart rate, blood vessel diameter and respiratory rate; provides tracts for all communication between brain and spinal cord; contains nuclei of cranial nerves VIII through XII (8-12)

49
Q

decussation of the pyramids

A

location where nerve fibers cross over to the opposite side of the body; reason why the left side of brain controls right side of body and right side of brain controls the left side of the body

50
Q

vestibular nuclei

A

nuclei responsible for equilibrium and balance; receives stimuli from the middle ear

51
Q

limbic system

A

includes portions of the medial cerebrum and diencephalon; control of emotions, linking the conscious thought of the cerebral cortex with the emotions and autonomic nervous system; facilitating memory processing

52
Q

reticular formation

A

loosely clustered neurons forming three columns along the length of the brain stem; has direct axonal connections with nearly every other part of the brain; control of autonomic functions such as respiratory and cardiovascular activity, control of autonomic or reflexive motor activity such as some eye movements, keeping the brain alert and filtering out repetitive familiar or weak signals in the environment

53
Q

skeleton

A

layer of bone encasing the brain and spinal cord; the skull encases the brain while the vertebral column encases the spinal cord

54
Q

meninges

A

connective tissue membranes that lie just external to the central nervous system organs; cover and protect the CNS, protect blood vessels and enclose venous sinuses, contain cerebrospinal fluid, and form partitions within the skull

55
Q

dura mater

A

tough, leathery, outermost meninx surrounding the brain; is fused to the periosteum of the skull but not of the verebrae

56
Q

arachnoid mater

A

loose, middle meninx of epithelial tissue with web-like extensions that attach it to the underlying pia mater

57
Q

pia mater

A

delicate connective tissue with rich supply of blood vessels; clings tightly to the brain

58
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

gives brain buoyancy that helps support and cushions the brain; provides nutrients to the brain; carries chemical signals to the brain; removes waste products from the brain

59
Q

blood brain barrier

A

a selective barrier that allows nutrients to cross by facilitated diffusion but keeps most metabolic waste, toxins, and drugs (except fat soluble substances) out; continuous endothelium of capillary wall with tight junctions between endothelium cells, a thick basal lamia, and the astrocytes holding the capillaries in place

60
Q

epidural space

A

space between the vertebral column and dura mater filled with areolar and adipose loose connective tissue; provides additional support and protection to the spinal cord

61
Q

percentral gyrus

A

gyrus immediately anterior to central sulcus; houses the primary motor cortex

62
Q

postcentral gyrus

A

gyrus immediately posterior to central sulcus; houses the primary somatosensory cortex

63
Q

cerebrum

A

superior part of the brain

64
Q

lateral ventricles

A

contain CSF; within cerebral hemispheres

65
Q

wernicke’s area

A

part of posterior association area; functions in understanding written and spoken language

Anatomy & Physiology I (7 decks)

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