Major nutrients Flashcards
Types of carbohydrates
monosaccharide, disaccharides and polysaccharides
simple + complex
functions of carbohydrates
provide energy
regulate blood glucose
build other molecules
storage of energy once converted to fats
simple carbohydrates
easy to break down through digestion → made up of one or two sugar molecules
simple carbohydrates examples
monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose)
disaccharides (maltose, lactose, sucrose)
complex carbohydrates
harder to break down because the sugar molecules are in longer, complicated chains
made up of three or more sugars joined together
complex carbohydrates examples
polysaccharides (starches, fibres, glycogen)
mono gastric animals - role carbohydrates
provide an essential fermentative substrate to the microbiome
ruminant animals - role of carbohydrates
provide substrate for growth of ruminal microbes and production of microbial protein
chemical structure of monosaccharide
mono stands for single
single sugars
structural isomers → share the same molecular formula
C6H12O6
chemical structure of disaccharides
sugars composed of two monosaccharides joined together
simple carbohydrates
polysaccharides
many sugars
oligosaccharides
few sugars
macronutrient
generally needed in large quantities to provide energy
micronutrient
essential in small amounts for the normal process and functions
water functions
lubricant (eyes, nose, mouth)
solvent (to enable digestion of nutrients)
transport (blood)
regulator (removing heat produced by organs)
cleanser (removes toxins)
how is water lost in the body
urination
defecation
saliva
respiration
sweating
evaporation
milk
bodily fluids
structure of a protein
made up of many polypeptides (50+ amino acids)
contains nitrogen → whereas the other 3 nutrient groups that provide energy don’t contain nitrogen
functions of proteins
growth and repair of body tissues
production of hormones and enzymes
form the immune system (through amino acids)
storage of energy once converted to carbohydrates and fats
carboxyl group
COOH
amino group
NH2
structure of amino acids
Carbon , Hydrogen , Oxygen , Nitrogen
- central carbon bonded to carboxyl group
- amino group
- hydrogen atom
- R group (changes depending on what type of amino acid)
peptides
strings amino acids joined by a peptide bond
peptide bond
when a carboxyl group in one molecule of an amino acid reacts with an amino group of another amino acid molecule and releases a molecule of water
function of fats/lipids
energy storage
insulation
vitamin absorption and transport (E, D, A, K)
help reinforce cell membranes
saturated fatty acids
full of hydrogens
single bond between carbons
carboxyl group
straight structure
unsaturated fatty acids
full of hydrogens
double bond between two carbons
carboxyl group
bent structure
vitamins
organic substances used by the body for proper functioning
organic
something containing carbon
fat soluble vitamins
vitamins stored in fats in the body
vitamins A, D, E, K
water soluble vitamins
vitamins not stored in the body and therefore the body needs them daily
vitamin C and B group vitamins
vitamin functions
wound healing
maintaining healthy skin / fur / coat
blood clotting
chemical reactions in the body
growth and development
minerals
inorganic materials needed in small quantities
how do animals obtain minerals
drinking water
plants take up minerals via water → some animals eat those plants and other animals eat those animals
macrominerals
needed in large quantities
necessary for skeletal structure and transference of nutrients
examples of macro minerals
calcium
phosphorus
magnesium
potassium
microminerals
needed in small quantities
help the formation of enzymes
examples of micro minerals
fluorine
iodine
zinc
iron
enriched food
lost vitamins and minerals are added back into the foods
(vitamins and minerals are lost through cooking or processing food)
fortified food
extra vitamins and minerals are put into the foods
what does the body need energy for?
movement
growth
reproduction
repair damaged tissues
maintenance of bodily functions
the six nutrient group
vitamins
minerals
carbohydrates
protein
water
fats / lipids