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Alternative to Coursework - Geography iGCSE > Major notes and steps > Flashcards

Major notes and steps Flashcards

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1
Q

What major topics can be asked?

A
  • Rivers
  • Coasts
  • Settlement (population, tourism etc.)
  • Weather (measurements, equipment)
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2
Q

What may be asked in the Rivers topic?

A
  • Changes in river velocity from source to mouth
  • Changes in load (shape and size)
  • Changes in channel depth, width, cross-section and wetted perimeter
  • Changes in discharge
  • Changes across a meanders cross section
  • Changes in river gradient
  • Changes in valley size and gradient
  • Changes in land use
  • Changes in pollution along course
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3
Q

What may be asked in Coasts?

A
  • Changes in vegetation (cover and variety) moving inland
  • Changes in beach profile and sand dune profile
  • Speed of longshore drift
  • Changes in land use
  • Changes in defences
  • Changes in beach or dune material
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4
Q

What may be asked in Settlements?

A
  • Changes in land use
  • Changes in traffic (compare to CBD)
  • Number and type of tourists
  • Changes in the quality of the environment or pollution levels
  • Changes in globalisation
  • Changes in cost of products
  • Changes in wealth or population density
  • Sphere of influences of settlements or services
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5
Q

What may be asked in Weather?

A
  • Changes in temperature throughout the day or between seasons
  • Changes in rainfall
  • Changes in humidity
  • Changes in hours of sunshine or cloud cover
  • Changes in wind speed and wind direction
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6
Q

What safety measures may be done for river work (4)?

A
  • Do not push people or otherwise mess about in water
  • Take extreme care near river banks, especially where the ground is steep or wet
  • Wear suitable footwear at all times and bring a raincoat
  • Do not swim in the water
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7
Q

What safety measures may be done for coastal fieldwork (name 4)?

A
  • Check high and low tide times
  • Use dedicated footpaths to access the beach
  • Don’t climb on groynes or sea defence structures
  • Do not handle beach litter, wear gloves when picking up pebbles
  • Stay at least one metre away from the tide line and keep an eye on the waves
  • Do not enter the sea under any circumstances
  • Stay in pairs/threes and in visual contact with a member of staff at all times
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8
Q

What safety measures may be done in a town centre (name 4)?

A
  • Ensure that you have the contact numbers for staff and that they have your mobile phone number too
  • Ensure your mobile phone is charged and in credit
  • Use the map in your pack to familiarise yourself with the area
  • Stay with your group at all times – no one should be on their own at any time
  • Keep valuables concealed – digital cameras are brought at your own risk
  • Only question people you are comfortable talking to and who are happy to help you
  • Avoid asking the same person as another group working in the same area
  • Use the pedestrian crossing where possible
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9
Q

How might safety be ensured when using equipment?

A
  • Check all equipment is working and that you have enough for each student/group and some spares
  • Make sure you know how to use specific equipment and/or any recording sheets provided
  • Ensure you practice using the equipment in a safe environment before taking it out in the field
  • Where laptops and smartphones are to be used and internet access is needed, check out that this is possible
  • If apps are to be used, make sure these are downloaded onto each piece of equipment
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10
Q

Aim

A

The aim explains what the enquiry/fieldwork is attempting to achieve

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11
Q

Hypothesis

A

A hypothesis is a prediction or statement that you make before your data collection
* normally based on theory

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12
Q

The criteria for a hypothesis (5)

A

S - specific
M - measurable
A - achievable
R - realistic
T - time-related

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13
Q

Objective

A

When data collection is not influenced by people’s personal opinion

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14
Q

Subjective

A

When personal opinion has an influence on the outcome of the data collection
* the input of a personal bias

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15
Q

Census

A

A survey carried out by nearly all countries every 10 years
* a very detailed survey
that is compulsory for everyone to fill in

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16
Q

Primary data

A

Any data that is personally collected by the person enacting the investigation

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17
Q

Examples of primary data (name 3)

A
  • Questionnaire data
  • River data - width, depth etc…
  • Video/audio recordings
  • Photographs taken by you
  • Interview information
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18
Q

Secondary data

A

Any data used in the investigation that has been collected by someone else

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19
Q

Examples of secondary data (name 3)

A
  • Census results
  • Weather data
  • Old photographs
  • Maps
  • Newspaper articles
  • Websites
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20
Q

Advantages of primary data (name 4)

A
  • Know that the data is reliable and valid
  • The data is specific to the enquiry
  • As much data as needed can be collected
  • The method of the collection is known
  • It is up to date
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21
Q

Disadvantages of primary data (name 4)

A
  • Time-consuming
  • May need specialist equipment/resources
  • The sample size needs to be large to be accurate
  • May include personal bias
  • Possibly expensive (travel and equipment)
  • May be unavailable or dangerous to collect
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22
Q

Advantages of secondary data (4)

A
  • Easy to access
  • Low cost or free
  • Can be accessed quickly
  • A large amount of data sources are available
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23
Q

Disadvantages of secondary data

A
  • It is not specific to the enquiry
  • No control over the data quality
  • Data may be biased
  • Data may be out of date
  • May be more than needed
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24
Q

Quantitative data

A

Data that involves figures and numerical quantities

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25
Q

Examples of quantitative data

A
  • Numerical data collected in questionnaires
  • Traffic counts
  • Environmental quality surveys
  • River data - velocity, discharge
  • Weather data
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26
Q

Qualitative data

A

Data that involves written documentation, even photographs
* tends to be personal and can be very hard to analyse

27
Q

Examples of qualitative data

A
  • Answers to open-ended questions in questionnaires
  • Photographs
  • Documentation (past theses, essays etc.)
28
Q

Sampling

A

A section of an entire study area or population used to represent the average of the whole
* Used to collect data as a way to save time and money

29
Q

Systematic sampling

A

Collecting data in a regular pattern in regular intervals so as to remove any bias
* e.g. taking a recording/measurement/survey every x units

30
Q

Random sampling

A

Every person in a study area has an equal chance of being selected or asked as the choice of who to question is selected randomly
* can be done using a random number table or generator

31
Q

Stratified sampling

A

Where elements are selected by dividing their characteristics if the study area allows such a categorisation
* used when random and systematic sampling would give unrepresentative data

32
Q

Advantages of random sampling (2)

A
  • Every person or place/location has a (relatively) equal chance of being selected
  • It is quick and simple
33
Q

Disadvantages of random sampling (1)

A
  • Because it is totally random, the results may be completely random and not representative of a wide range of variables
    (e.g. only females are selected)
34
Q

Advantages of systematic sampling (3)

A
  • Because you are following a pettern you will get better coverage of an area or sample group
  • Even though you pick the data collection technique, once it is chosen, there is no bias in who gets selected
  • It is very simple to understand and carry out
35
Q

Disadvantages of systematic sampling (2)

A
  • Because you are selecting the systematic technique, there is some bias in how often you take a sample
  • You still may end up with an unrepresentative sample (every x th person turns out to be female)
36
Q

Survey

A

Assessment and analysis of an area of study either by questioning people within that area/population or inspecting its environment

37
Q

Data collection techniques (5)

A
  • Questionnaires
  • Land use surveys
  • Bi-polar environmental surveys
  • Photographs
  • Counts
38
Q

Questionnaires

A

A series of questions asked to sampled participants of an investigation which can be oral or written and are used to gain information from an individual or a group of individuals
* usually use open and closed style questions

39
Q

What must be done before carrying out a questionnaire or interview? (7)

A
  1. Decide on the question
  2. Whether to do the questions orally or give them in written form
  3. How you are going to pilot (test) your questions
  4. How you are going to record the answers
  5. How you are going to sample
  6. Be polite - represent yourself and your school diligently
  7. Don’t ask sensitive questions which people may not or may feel uncomfortable answering
40
Q

Why is a pilot study necessary?

A

It helps you reevaluate your approach and practice the techniques you are going to us in it. It alsoindicates whether your project will succeed.

41
Q

Open ended questions

A

The questions in a questionnaire which have an infinite number of answers
* the individuals’ response has not restrictions on how and how much they might answer

42
Q

Closed questions

A

The questions in a questionnaire where there is a limited number of reponses
* they are often multiple choice in style

43
Q

Advantages of open ended questions (2)

A
  • You are getting the respondents personal opinion
  • They can express it to the greatest of details since they are not limited in their reponse
44
Q

Disadvantages of open ended questions (3)

A
  • Some reponses might not be relevant to your research
  • Respondents may not understand the question and give you an irrelevant reponse
  • Results are very hard to analyse using graphs or tables
45
Q

Disadvantages of closed questions (3)

A
  • Results lack personal opinion and can be very generalised
  • You are nearly always forced to have an “other” box meaning you don’t know what the respondent thinks
  • Your personal opinion has been placed on the questions
46
Q

Land use surveys

A

Involves recording various types of land use within the study area
* the results can be recorded in a tally or on a map

47
Q

What must be considered when making land use surveys? (3)

A
  • Think of appropriate categories
  • Decide if you are looking at the total number of elements or spatial distribution (total - tally chart; spatial - base map)
  • The quantity surveyed - are you assessing every building or just taking a sample
48
Q

Advantages of photographs (name 3)

A
  • They are more accurate than field sketches
  • They can be good for showing data collection techniques
  • They can support data collection findings
  • They can show temporal changes especially in historical photos
  • You can annotate and label them
49
Q

Disadvantages of photographs (name 3)

A
  • People often include photos that are not relevant
  • People forget to label, annotate or refer to photos which the makes them irrelevant
  • People often only photograph nice/aesthetic things and forget the more ugly areas that are just as important
  • They may contain too much information
  • Depth can be deceptive since they are two dimensional
50
Q

Counts

A

Counting the emount of elements present or passing by the study area at a predermined location
* usually are pedestrian and traffic counts

51
Q

What are steps to taking a count? (6)

A
  • Set up a table or a form in which to record findings
  • Place down date, time and location for later comparison
  • Find a safe location
  • Stay there for 10 minutes
  • If comparing locations, counts should be done at the same time for fairness
  • Use tallies for time management and simplicity
52
Q

Bi-polar counting

A

Rating a locations state by placing it on a scale going from negative to positive with 0 being the average

53
Q

Environmental index

A

A type of survey that looks at the quality of the environment
* focus on any aspect of the environment which suits your investigation (e.g. air or noise pollution, litter etc.)

54
Q

Globalisation index

A

A type of survey that looks at how globalised a settlement or a section of a settlement is
* may look at aspects including language, signage, businesses and people

55
Q

Methodology

A

A description explaining how the data was collected in a real piece of coursework

56
Q

What is included in a methodology? (5)

A
  • Date, time and location of data collection
  • Group size
  • Description and copy of data collection forms used (e.g. questionnaires, counts etc.)
  • Explanation of how the forms were used (e.g. sample size, count period etc.)
  • Description of equipment and an explanation of its use
57
Q

General strengths of data presentation techniques (name 3)

A
  • Shows spatial distribution (e.g. dot map)
  • Shows variations between regions and countries (e.g. chloropleth map)
  • Visually interesting
  • Very bold and clear
  • Easy to understand
  • Clearly shows trens and anomalies
58
Q

General weaknesses of data presentation techniques (name 3)

A
  • Can disguise intra-region or intra-country variations (e.g. chloropleth map)
  • Hard to see trends and anomalies
  • Very complicated to read
  • Symbols take up too much room
59
Q

How to analyse data from a given source?

A
  • Look for trends and correlations and explan them using evidence
  • Look for and explain anomalies using evidence
60
Q

Conclusion

A

A summary of the investigation

61
Q

Criteria to a conclusion (4)

A
  • Refer back to original hypothesis
  • Use some data to support your findings
  • Refer to theory (if mentioned) and whether your findings agree or disagree
  • State what you have learnt from your investigation
62
Q

Evaluation

A

Stating what went well in your research but also how it can be improved or extended in the future

63
Q

Criteria for evaluation

A
  • What went well
  • Any problems with data collection (e.g. bad weather, missing data etc.)
  • Data that could be useful in the future (e.g. secondary data from government, bigger sample etc.)
  • Additional hypothesis you could have used
  • Problems with time or money that could be changed in the future

Alternative to Coursework - Geography iGCSE (3 decks)

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