Major Minerals

Question 1

What % body weight do minerals make up

Answer 1

4-5%

Question 2

Calcium makes up what % of the minerals in the body

Answer 2

50% (99% found in bone)

Question 3

What mineral makes up 25% of the minerals in the body

Answer 3

Phosphorus (70% found in bone)

Question 4

What are minerals mostly extracted as

Answer 4

Salt forms

Question 5

What state are minerals absorbed in

Answer 5

Ionic state

Question 6

What is the exception to minerals absorbed in the ionic state

Answer 6

Heme iron is absorbed as a complex before released

Question 7

What often influences absorption

Answer 7

Organic factors in diet

Question 8

What kind of charge do metals have? non metals?

Answer 8

Metals positive, non negative

Question 9

What are metalloproteins? Examples?

Answer 9

proteins containing a metal ex. hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromes

Question 10

What are metalloenzymes? Examples?

Answer 10

Enzymes containing a metal. ex. catalase, superoxide dismutase

Question 11

What are the most common minerals to be deficient in

Answer 11

Calcium and iron

Question 12

What are the minerals you are most likely to have an insufficiency in

Answer 12

Zinc and Magnesium

Question 13

How much of the major minerals should you intake daily

Answer 13

100 mg/day

Question 14

What major minerals are found in bone

Answer 14

Ca, Mg, P

Question 15

What major minerals are electrolytes

Answer 15

K, Na, Cl

Question 16

What is the most abundant divalent cation in the body***

Answer 16

Calcium

Question 17

Calcium makes up what % of the total body weight, and where is it mostly found

Answer 17

2%, bone and teeth

Question 18

What is the MC salt for calcium to be found in

Answer 18

Calcium carbonate (CaCO3)

Question 19

Why is it a good idea to take a calcium carbonate supplement with a meal

Answer 19

It requires 1 hour in acidic environment to release the Ca

Question 20

Which forms of calcium do not require acid

Answer 20

Calcium citrate and lactate

Question 21

How is Ca absorbed actively in the SI

Answer 21

Using calbindin 9k (stim by vit. D)

Question 22

What happens to diffusion in the SI when large amounts of Ca are consumed

Answer 22

It becomes Passive because Calbindin 9k gets saturated (no vit. D required)

Question 23

What is the max amount of Ca that can be absorbed at one time

Answer 23

500 mg, space throughout day

Question 24

What enhances absorption of Ca

Answer 24

Vit. D, sugars, proteins (GOOD)

Question 25

What inhibits Ca absorption

Answer 25

Fiber, phytate, oxalate, divalent minerals, FA (BAD)

Question 26

Where are phytates found

Answer 26

whole grains, seeds, nuts

Question 27

Where are oxalates found

Answer 27

legumes, spinach, rhubarb, tea, berries, nuts

Question 28

What inc. excretion of Ca

Answer 28

Na, protein, caffeine (BAD)

Question 29

What dec. excretion of Ca

Answer 29

estrogen, K, P (GOOD)

Question 30

What is the typical adult absorption %, and how does it change during growth periods

Answer 30

20-30%, goes up to 60% during growth periods

Question 31

What is serum Ca at

Answer 31

8.8 - 10.8 mg/dL

Question 32

When PTH is secreted due to low blood Ca, what does it induce in the kidneys

Answer 32

Hydroxylase, which activates calcitriol

Question 33

What does calcitriol stimulate

Answer 33

Synthesis of Ca-binding proteins