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Y3/ Infection and Microbiology > Major Groups of Antimicrobials > Flashcards

Major Groups of Antimicrobials Flashcards

1
Q

List the 8 major groups of antimicrobials

A 
Beta-lactams 
Quinolones
Macrolides 
Aminoglycosides 
Glycopeptides
Tetracyclines 
Folate Antagonists 
Imidazoles
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2
Q

Give 3 examples of the of following

Beta-lactams

A

Penicillins
Carbapenems
Cephalosporins

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3
Q

Give an example of the following:

quinolones

A

ciprofloxacine

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4
Q

Give an example of the following:

Macrolides

A

Erthromycin

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5
Q

Give an example of the following:

Aminoglycosides

A

Gentamycin

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6
Q

Give an example of the following:

Glycopeptides

A

Vancomycin

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7
Q

Give an example of the following:

Tetracyclines

A

Oxytetracycline

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8
Q

Give an example of the following:

Folate antagonists

A

Trimethoprim

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9
Q

Give an example of the following:

Imidazoles

A

Metronidazole

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10
Q

What are the natural penicillins good at treating?

A
  • beta-haemolytic streptococci like Staphaloccus pneumoniiae
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11
Q

What is co-amoxiclav?

What is it good at treating?

A
  • combination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid (a beta-lactamase inhibitor)
  • this is suitable for treating beta-lactamase producing bacteria such as
    H.influenze, S.pneumoniase, S.aureas, and various anaerobes
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12
Q

What are ampicillin and amoxicillin good at treating?

A

Non beta-lactamase producing gram negatives, such as H.influenza and enterobacteriacease such as e.coli, salmonella and klebsiella

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13
Q

What is tazocin?

What is used to treat?

A

A combination of piperacillin and tazobactam

- used to treat pseudomonas, enterobacteriasceae, S, aureas, and various anaerobes

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14
Q

What is flucloxacillin used to treat?

A
  • S.aureus
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15
Q

Name the antibiotics that are part of the penicillin family?

A 
amoxicillin 
co-amoxiclav 
flucloxacillin 
tazocin 
ampicillin
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16
Q

If an individual has shown penicillin hypersensitivity, there is a 10% chance of allergy to ……………

A

cephalosporins

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17
Q

What are typically used in place of penicllins/cephalosporins if there is hypersensitivity?

A
  • carbapenems or aztreonam
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18
Q

Which bacteria are resistant to all cephalosporins?

A
  • extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing bacteria
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19
Q

What are the four major generations of cephalosporins?

A
  1. cefalexin
  2. cefuroxime
  3. cefotaxime
  4. cefpirome
20
Q

There are four major generations of cephalosporins.
The earlier classes are more efecitc in fighting …….
The later classes better in the treatment of ……. and ………

A 
Earlier = staph aureus 
Later = pseudomonas, enterobacteriaceae
21
Q

What are carbapenems effective against?

A

gram negative bacilli forms of beta-lactamases

e.g. group A streps

22
Q

What is the main carbapenem?

A
  • meropenem
23
Q

How to beta-lactam antibiotics work?

A
  • destroy bacteria through their effect on the cell wall
  • they inhibit cross linking in peptidoglycan through enzymatic inhibition, weakening the wall and effectively bursting the cell
24
Q

What are glycopeptide antibiotics used for?

A
  • Treating MRSA and resistant enterococci such as C. dificile
25
Q

What is the problem with vancomycin?

A
  • Very narrow therapeutic window and risk of nephrotoxicity

- only IV preparations are used

26
Q

What are quinolones effective against?
When can they not be used?
What are they commonly used to treat?

A

very effective against gram positive and gram negative bacteria
- cannot be used for MRSA or streptococci
Used for:
- resistant UTIs, pseudomonas but increases the risk of C.diff infection

27
Q 
Several classes of antibiotics work by acting on protein synthesis, this includes:
-
-
-
-
A
  • aminoglycosides
  • macroclides
  • tetracyclines
  • chloramphenicol
28
Q

What are macrolides effective against?

A
  • respiratory infective agents
  • including s.pneumoniae, B-haemolytic strep, s.aureus, h.influenza
  • not against enterobacteriaceae or enterococci or pseudomonas
29
Q

What are aminoglycosides (gentamycin) effective agaisnt

A
  • pseudomonas and s.aureus

- not streptococci or anaerobes

30
Q

What is the main issue with aminoglycosides?

A
  • nephrotoxicity

- only given IV and IM

31
Q

What can tetracyclines treat?

A

chlamydia
COPD related infections
acne

32
Q

When are tetracyclines contraindicated?

A
  • pregnancy

- childhood

33
Q

How do folate antagonists work?

A
  • destroy bacteria as folate is a requirement for bacterial growth and replication, bacteria synthesis their own fold and as humans gain folate through their diet, the effect of the drug is limited only to the pathogen
34
Q

What is trimethoprim and when is it used?

A
  • folate antagonist

- used for UTI

35
Q

What is co-trimoxazole

A
  • trimethoprim (folate antagonist) + sulphonamide
36
Q

What the the main folate antagonist?

A

sulphonamide

however, lots of resistance

37
Q

What is metronidazole active against?

When should it not be used?

A
  • active agent against all anaerobes

- causes a reaction when taken with alcohol as it acts to inhibit liver alcohol metabolic enzymes

38
Q

What are the orphan antibiotics?

A 
Chloramphenicol 
Fusidic acid 
Linezolid 
Mupirocin 
Daptomycin 
Nitrofurantoin 
Fidaxomicin
39
Q

When is chloramphenicol used?

A

eyedrop against gram positive infections

40
Q

When is fusidic acid used?

A
  • topical
  • staphylococci
  • e..g impetigo
41
Q

What is linezolid?
How is it given?
What is the problem with it?

A
  • staphylococcal agent that can be given IV or orally, however WBC may drop in long term use, good action against MRSA
42
Q

What is mupirocin used for?

A
  • nasal decolonisation of MRSA
43
Q

What is daptomycin used for?

A
  • IV MRSA therapy, but also used in endocardtiis and foreign body infections
44
Q

When is nitrofurantoin used?

A

UTI

45
Q

When is fidaxomicin used>

A
  • c.diff infection as an alternative to vancomycin

Y3/ Infection and Microbiology (2 decks)

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