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Endocrine > Major Endocrine Glands And Hormone Classification > Flashcards

Major Endocrine Glands And Hormone Classification Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine Glands

A 
Pituitary
Pineal 
Thyroid and Parathyroid 
Thymus 
Adrenal 
Pancreas 
Ovary or Testes
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2
Q

Hypothalamus in Endocrine

A

Provides highest level of endocrine control

–> endocrine director

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3
Q

Hypothalamic Control

A

Integrates activities of nervous and endocrine system by:

  1. secretion of regulatory hormones (control activity of anterior pituitary cells
  2. synthesises hormones and transports to posterior pituitary via infundibulum
  3. Direct neural control function (hypothalamic autonomic centres control secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline by adrenal medulla)
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4
Q

Diurnal Control of hormone levels

A

Circadian rhythm

External cues (light/dark) evoke fluctuations in hormone secretion

Hormonal levels are also influenced by the rate at which they are eliminated by the body

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5
Q

Complementary Actions of Hormones (adrenaline, cortisol and glucagon)

A

Stress/ Exercise
Release of adrenaline and cortisol

Cortisol

  • Causes gluconeogenesis, resulting in raised blood glucose
  • Stimulatory effect on pancreatic alpha cells

Adrenal
- Stimulatory effect on pancreatic alpha cells

Stimulatory effect on pancreatic alpha cells causes glucagon to be released
Glucagon causes glycogenolysis on the liver

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6
Q

Antagonistic Actions of Hormones

A

Hormonal control of glucose homeostasis

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7
Q

Hormonal structure

A
  1. Steroids (oestrogen)
  2. Amine-derived (adrenaline, epinephrine)
  3. Proteins (oxytocin & ADH, GH and Insulin)
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8
Q

Steroids

A

lipids derived from cholesterol
Synthesis rates control amounts
Once synthesised steroids are secreted not stored

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9
Q

Steroid Transportation

A

Hydrophobic
- steroids are transported in blood plasma by binding to carrier proteins

Free/unbound steroids are biologically active

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10
Q

Steroid Examples

A

Cortisol

  • secreted from adrenal cortex
  • mediates stress responses

testosterone and oestradiol

  • secreted from gonads and placenta
  • responsible for sexual characteristics
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11
Q

Steroids: Hormone action

A

Steroids are hydrophobic/ lipophilic
Pass through plasma-membrane initiating a 2 step process

  1. Activate hormone-receptor complex forms within the cell
  2. Complex binds to DNA and activates specific genes –. gene activation leads to production of key proteins
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12
Q

Amine Hormone Types (2)

A

Derived from amino acids (e.g. tyrosine)

Catecholamine Amine Hormones

  • hydsrophilic
  • transported unbound or ‘free’ in blood plasma

Thyroid amine hormones
- bound to carrier proteins

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13
Q

Amine hormone storage and secretion

A

Secreted from thyroid and adrenal medulla

Amines like adrenaline stored as vesicles in cytoplasm until needed

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14
Q

Amine Hormone action

A

Amine hormones bind to membrane bound receptors to evoke cellular responses

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15
Q

Peptide hormones

A

hydrophilic and transported unbound or ‘free’ in blood plasma

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16
Q

Peptide hormones secretion

A

Secreted by

  • pituitary
  • parathyroid
  • heart
  • stomach
  • liver
  • kidneys
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17
Q

Peptide hormone synthesis

A

Synthesised as precursors molecules and stored in secretory vesicles

Different end hormones can be made by cleaving a common precursor with a different enzyme

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18
Q

Peptide hormone example

A

Somatostatin
-ring structure due. to disulphide bonds

Insulin

  • 2 chains held together by disulphide bonds
  • AA sequence may differ between species
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19
Q

Cellular Energy secretion

A

linked to insulin secretion in pancreatic beta-cell

  1. Elevation of blood glucose concentration
  2. Increased diffusion of glucose into the b-cell by facilitated transport (GLUT2)
  3. Phosphorylation of glucose by glucokinase
  4. Glycolysis by glucose-6-phosphate in mitochondria yielding ATP
  5. Increased ATP/ADP ration within cell closes ATP-sensitive K+ channels causing membrane depolarisation
  6. Opening of voltage gated Ca2+ channels increases intracellular Ca2+ that triggers insulin secretion
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20
Q

Transport of Hormones

A

Steroid and thyroid hormones
- insoluble in plasma and transported in blood via carrier proteins

Binding to carrier proteins

  • facilitation of hormone transport
  • Increased half life of hormone
  • reservoir for hormone
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21
Q

Carrier Proteins(3)

A

Cortisol Binding Globulin (CBG)
- Binds cortisol in a selective manner

Thyroxine- Binding Globulin (TBG)
- Binds thyroxine (T4) selectively

Sex steroid binding globulin (SSBG)
- Binds mainly testosterone and oestradiol

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22
Q

Hypothalamus Gland hormones (2)

A

Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)

Corticotrophin Releasing Hormone (CRH

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23
Q

Thyrotropin Releasing hormone

A

Peptide
Acts on anterior pituitary
Stimulates release of TSH and prolactin

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24
Q

Corticotrophin Releasing Hormone

A

Peptide
Acts on anterior pituitary
Stimulates release of ACTH

25
Q

Pituitary Gland hormones (9)

A 
Thyroid stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) 
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (LH) 
Growth hormone (GH) 
Prolactin 
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH) 
Oxytocin 
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
26
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

A

Peptide
Acts on thyroid
Main function: growth and metabolism

27
Q

ACTH

A

Peptide
Acts on adrenal cortex
Main function: metabolism

28
Q

luteinizing hormone

A

Peptide
Acts on gonads
Main function: reproduction

29
Q

FSH

A

Peptide
Acts on gonads
main function; reproduction

30
Q

Growth hormone

A

protein

Acts on liver, bone and muscle

31
Q

Prolactin

A

Peptide
Acts on mammary glands
Main function; reproduction

32
Q

melanocyte stimulating hormone

A

peptide
acts on melanocytes
main function; homeostasis

33
Q

oxytocin

A

Peptide
Acts on mammary glands and uterus
main function: reproduction

34
Q

Antidiuretic hormone

A

peptide
Acts on kidney
Main function: homeostasis

35
Q

Pineal Gland Hormone (1)

A

Melatonin

36
Q

melatonin

A

Amino acid derived
Acts on hypothalamus
Main function : homeostasis

37
Q

Thyroid/ Parathyroid Gland Hormones (40

A

Thyroxine (T4)
Tri-iodothyronine (T3)
Calcitonin (CT)
Parathyroid hormone (PTH )

38
Q

Thyroxine (T4)

A

Amino-acid derived
Acts on most tissues
Main function: growth and metabolism

39
Q

T3

A

Amino-acid derived
Acts on most tissues
Main function: growth and metabolism

40
Q

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

Peptide
Acts on bones and gut
Main function: homeostasis

41
Q

Adrenal Medulla hormones (1)

A

Adrenaline

42
Q

Adrenaline

A

Amino acid derived
Multiple targets
Main function: homeostasis and metabolism

43
Q

Adrenal Cortex Hormones (30

A 
Dehydroepiandosterone (DHEA) 
Aldosterone 
Glucocorticoids (cortisol, corticosterone0
44
Q

DHEA

A

Steroid
Acts on CNS
MAin function: growth

45
Q

Aldosterone

A

Steroid
Acts on kidney
Main function; homeostasis

46
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

I.e. cortisol and corticosterone
Steroids
Multiple targets
Main function; homeostasis and metabolism

47
Q

Testes Hormone

A

Testosterone

48
Q

Testosterone

A

Steroid
Main target: testes
main function; reproduction

49
Q

Pancreas hormones (3)

A

Insulin
Glucagon
Somatostatin

50
Q

Insulin

A

Protein
Acts on liver, muscle and adipose tissue
Main function: growth, metabolism and homeostasis

51
Q

Glucagon

A

Protein
Acts on liver
Main function; Glucose homeostasis

52
Q

Somatostatin

A

Protein
Acts on gut
Main function: growth metabolism and homeostasis

53
Q

Ovary hormones (3)

A

Oestradiol
Oestriol
progesterone

54
Q

Oestradiol, Oestriol and Progesterone

A

Steroid
Acts on ovaries and testes
main function: reproduction

55
Q

Placenta hormones (2)

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (hCG)

Oestradiol

56
Q

Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (hCG)

A

Peptide
Acts on uterus
main function: reproduction

57
Q

Oestradiol

A

Steroid
Acts on ovaries and uterus
main function; reproduction

58
Q

mammary gland hormones (1)

A

Oestrogen

59
Q

Oestrogen

A

Steroid
Acts on ovaries and uterus
main function; reproduction

Endocrine (25 decks)

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