Major Anatomical Themes and Terminology Flashcards
what are the 4 basic tissue types?
- connective tissue
- epithelial tissue
- muscle tissue
- nervous tissue
200 unique types of cells in the human body combine to form one of the four basic tissue types
what is an organ?
an organ is formed when two or more anatomically and functionally distinct “communities” of tissues combine to perform a specific function
heart, liver, lungs, kidneys, stomach - which are composed of varying amounts of epithelium, muscle, and connective tissue
what are the 11 organ systems in the body?
- integumentary
- skeletal
- muscular
- cardiovascular
- lymphatic
- nervous
- endocrine
- respiratory
- digestive
- urinary
- reproductive
what are membranes?
a combination of an epithelial layer and an underlying CT layer
they are NOT one of the four basic tissue types
what are the 4 types of membranes?
- mucous membranes
- serous membranes
- synovial membranes
- cutaneous membranes
what are mucous membranes?
mucous membranes line body cavities that are open to the exterior and provide protection and aid in the movement of substances
ex. respiratory, digestive, reproductive, urinary tracts
what are serous membranes?
serous membranes line body cavities that DO NOT open to the exterior and ensheath the organs that lie within those cavities
they secrete serous fluid, a watery lubricating fluid that allows organs to glide easily against one another or against the walls of cavities
ex. thoracic and abdominopelvic
what are the two layers of a serous membrane?
- visceral
portion that covers and attaches to the organ inside a cavity (inside) - parietal
portion of serous membrane attached to the wall of a cavity (outside)
these two layers of serous membranes are continuous with each other at some point
what are 3 examples of serous membranes?
- pleura
- pericardium
- peritoneum
what is the pleura?
serous membrane
lines the thoracic cavity (parietal) and covers the lungs (visceral)
what is the pericardium?
serous membrane
lines the heart cavity (parietal) and covers the heart (visceral)
what is the peritoneum?
serous membrane
lines the abdominal cavity (parietal) and covers the abdominal organs (visceral)
what are synovial membranes?
synovial membranes line cavities of freely movable joints not open to the exterior
synovial membranes secrete synovial fluid which lubricates cartilage at ends of bones during movement, nourishes the cartilage covering bones at joints, and cushions impact during joint articulation
ex. joint cavities, tendon sheaths & bursae
what are cutaneous membranes?
cutaneous membranes are an organ of the integumentary system (skin)
they cover most of the body
skin = organ because it consists of different types of tissues joined to perform specific activities
what is the function of cutaneous membranes?
cutaneous membranes form the most superficial layer of the body wall and helps to regulate body temperature (evaporate sweat), protection, sensation, excretion, immunity, blood reservoir, synthesis of vitamin D
what are the two layers of the cutaneous membrane?
- epidermis (most superficial)
the most superficial layers of the epidermis are shed or washed off, all cells of epidermis will be replaced about every 28 days (in psoriasis this turnover time is much more rapid, <7 days)
- dermis
dermis contains rich capillary network of blood vessels that is involved with vitamin D conversion and thermoregulation
what is subcutaneous tissue?
aka superficial fascia or hypodermis
it is NOT considered a layer of the integument
contains cutaneous blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics, and fat
what is the function of the superficial fascia?
superficial fascia is present throughout the body to provide padding and insulation for structures found deep to it
fat cells are located throughout the superficial fascia EXCEPT in the auricles, eyelids, penis, and scrotum
adipose density depends on age, sex, geographic region of the body, and nutritional status
why is the superficial fascia a common site for drug injections?
superficial fascia is common site for drug injections using hypodermic needles since it does not contain vital organs, but does contain the cutaneous plexus of blood vessels, which can transport drugs into the general circulation
what are the two layers of the subcutaneous tissue?
- fatty layer (superficial)
immediately deep to the dermis
- membranous layer (deep)
what is the deep investing fascia?
aka deep fascia or epimysium
the deep investing fascia is a thin layer of dense regular CT that ensheathes all skeletal muscles and can be thought of forming a system of connective tissue “sheets”
it is usually very difficult to separate the deep fascia from the skeletal muscle it ensheathes
the deep fascia attaches to the outer connective tissue layers of bone and cartilage
**the deep investing fascia is anatomically distinct from the deep layer of the superficial fascia; they are NOT the same histological entity
what is the internal fascia?
aka subserosa fascia
the internal fascia is a barely discernible fibroelastic connective tissue lining of the thoracic and abdominopelvic body cavities
it’s named regionally or according to the muscles it is in contact with
internal fascia is only found in the trunk NOT in the limbs, head, and neck
what is the functional of the internal fascia?
the internal fascia is a barely discernible fibroelastic connective tissue lining of the thoracic and abdominopelvic body cavities
its purpose is to affix the parietal layer of the serous membranes to the innermost aspect of the body cavity wall
what are the layers that you would cut through to get to the appendix?
- epidermis
- dermis
- superficial layer of the superficial fascia
- deep layer of the superficial fascia
- deep investing fascia of the anterolateral abdominal wall skeletal muscles
- various layers of the individual anterolateral wall skeletal muscles all of which are ensheathed by deep investing fascia
- internal fascia
- parietal layer of the peritoneum which is the serious membrane of the abdominal cavity
- fluid filled wafer-tin space between the parietal peritoneum and the visceral peritoneum of the appendix
- visceral peritoneum of the vermiform appendix
- the appendix
what is a body cavity?
confined spaces within the body whose function is to cushion, protect, and permit changes in the shape and movement of internal (visceral) organs
what are the two types of cavities?
- ventral cavity (larger)
- dorsal cavity
protects the CNS tissue and vessels
what are the various ventral cavities?
- thoracic cavity
- pleural cavities = contain lungs
- mediastinum = contains esophagus, trachea and major blood vessels - abdominopelvic cavity = contains the peritoneal sac and cavity
- abdominal cavity = most of the digestive tract, kidneys and pancreas
- pelvic cavity = badder, reproductive organs, rectum, very distal digestive tract
**all body cavities in the ventral cavity are lined by a single continuous serous membrane
what are the two parts of the dorsal cavity?
- cranial cavity
2. spinal cavity
