Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Maintaining A Balance > Flashcards

Maintaining A Balance Flashcards

0
Q

What is activation energy?

A

The energy required for a reaction to take place, enzymes lower the activation energy required.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Enzymes are biological catalysts, present in living systems.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a substrate?

A

The reactant in an enzyme catalysed reaction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the chemical nature of enzymes?

A

Enzymes are proteins which means that they are amino acids bonded to form polypeptides, these polypeptides(either one or more) compose a protein by folding into a3-dimensional shape. Enzymes also posses an active site.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Models used to describe specificity of enzymes?

A

Lock and key(rigid active site)/induced fit(flexible active site)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are Cofactors?

A

Inorganic ions that help enzymes to act.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are coenzymes?

A

Organic molecules which help enzymes to act.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Effect of temperature on Enzymes activity?

A

Enzymes have an optimum temperature where they can act at their maximum capacity, if the temperature increase they undergo denaturation if it’s extreme, and become sluggish if it’s to cold.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is denaturation?

A

Ii when heat breaks the peptide bonds the hold the amino acids together, rendering the active inactive and the 3-dimensional shape of the protein is lost.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is pH?

A

Hydrogen ion concentration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the effect of pH on enzyme activity?

A

Enzymes have a. Limited pH range which they are active in , outside of this the the enzymes molecules are distorted and the activity is reduced.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the effect of Substrate concentration on enzymes?

A

Substrate concentration increase to create a saturation point, enzyme activity will not increase beyond this point.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the role of Enzymes in the metabolism?

A

To accelerate the metabolic pathway by lowering the activation energy of each reaction at each stage. This allows the synthesis of compound to be quicker, feedback loops often control enzymes to meet the needs of the organism’s metabolism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

World equation for cellular respiration?

A

Glucose + oxygen results in carbon dioxide + Water + ATP

Reaction works by the oxidation of glucose which is catalysed by the enzyme hexokinase to create the product water, carbon dioxide and ATP.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is hexokinase?

A

The enzymes that catalyses cellular respiration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of a constant internal environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Explain why maintaining a constant internal environment is important to optimal metabolic efficiency?

A

If the internal environment (temperature, pH, substrate concentration) does not remain relatively stable, then the rate of enzyme-catalysed reactions decreases. This decreased rate could affect an entire metabolic pathway that might produce an essential compound such as haemoglobin, ATP etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Sum of all chemical reactions?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is feedback?

A

I activity of key enzymes is regulated to control the metabolism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the four steps of feedback loop?

A

Set value, detector, control centre and regulator/effector.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How does the detector/receptor work?

A

It is a sensor that monitors changes in stimuli(internal and external) initiates a response to them though a larger feedback loop.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How does the control centre work?

A

The control centre is biologically programmed to maintain the set value, it analyses the messages sent and determines and approiate response which is send via and effector.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the two stages of homeostasis?

A

Detecting changes from a stable state and counteracting changes from the stable state.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the two types of feedback?

A

Positive and negative.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

Is a set value or point deviates from this value, negative feedback cause the system to to correct the deviation and return the value to the set value. Negative feedback countered acts the change,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

Positive feedback cause the system to reinforce the change, postive feedback reinforces the change.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Range if blood pH in human body?

A

7.38-7.42

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Internal conditions controlled by nervous system?

A

Blood pressure and concentration of respiratory gases(co2 and O2) in blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Internal conditions controlled by endocrine system?

A

Blood glucose levels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Internal conditions controlled by nervous and endocrine system?

A

Temperature, concentration of salt and water in blood and tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Blood sugar feedback mechanism?

A

Set value=90mg/100ml
detector = specialised receptor cells pass message to pancreas
Control centre= pancreas excretes insulin
Effector = insulin when realised into circulatory system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Y is homeostasis important?

A

The importance of homeostasis is that it maintains the concentration of metabolites and/or physical conditions within a narrow range that enables cells to function efficiently.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

Series of glands that excrete hormones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Features of hypothalamus that control homeostasis in relation to internal systems controlled nervous system or a combination of nervous and endocrine system?

A

Detector/report cells directly connected to neurons which relay message to hypothalamus and the hypothalamus directly controls regulatory organs and glands though nervous and endocrine system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Broad range of temperatures of which life is found?

A

Between -40c to 120c , thermoacidophiles r at 120c , blue whales nd at -2 cause of blubber, 0-45 is where most r found.

35
Q

Difference between core and shell temperature?

A

Core is skill, thoracic and abdomen while shell is that of peripheral tissues(under skin)

36
Q

What are the four processes that control heat loss and gain?

A

Conduction(direct contact, e.g touching the ground)
Radiation(sun rays travelling though space)
Convection(though particles in the air or liquid e.g swimming)
Evaporation(loss of heat as result of liquid to gas change)

37
Q

Wat r ectothermic and endothermic?

A 
Ectothermic = cold blooded 
Endothermic = warm blooded
38
Q

Frill neck lizard and blue tongue lizard response to changes in ambient temperature?

A
  • Is Sunbake if too cold, flattening body in processes.
  • Narrow their body to reduce surface exposure when warm.
  • Burrow or seek shade to reduce water loss and surface exposure to sun.
  • Torpor to reduce metabolism rate or diapause of insects.
39
Q

Responses of red and eastern grey Kangaroo to changes in ambient temperature?

A
  • Surface area to volume ratio is suited for cold
  • dilation of blood vessels in extremities when hot
  • blood flow of extremities reduced when cold
  • kangaroos lick forelimbs to create evaporation and cool down blood stream
  • sweat and panting(reduced water loss then sweating)
  • insulation of fur , and fur is designed to reflect suns radiation
  • reduced metabolism when hot and increase when cold(kangaroos remain crouched during day)
40
Q

Equation for photosystheis?

A

Carbon dioxide + water + electromagnetic radiation(light energy) results in glucose + oxygen + water

41
Q

Adaptations of plants to temperature change?

A

Hanging leaves by eucalypts and open ping stomates during Dawna and dusk for photosystheis

42
Q

What is blood?

A

Blood is a tissue of cells in an extra cellular fluid call led plasma which can is composed of fibrinogen. There is also serum.

43
Q

Transport of carbon dioxide in mammalian blood?

A

Dissolved in blood plasma, Carboaminohameglobin, hydrogen carbonate ions

44
Q

Transport of oxygen in blood?

A

Oxyhaemglobin

45
Q

Transport of lipids?

A

Chylomicrons (proteins)

46
Q

Transport of salts in blood?

A

Dissolved in blood plasmas

47
Q

Transport of water ?

A

Dissolved in blood plasma ?

48
Q

Products of digestion such as amino acids, sugars, vitamins and nitrogenous bases transport in blood?

A

Dissolved on blood plasma

49
Q

Transport of nitrogenous waste in mammals

A

Urea

50
Q

Transport of nitrogenous waste in insects?

A

Uric acid

51
Q

Transport of nitrogenous waste in fish?

A

Ammonia

52
Q

Structure and function of Arteries?

A

Have connective tissue, the most elastic fibres and smooth muscle, the largest lumon and has a endothelium , oxygenated blood away from heart at high pressure and branch into arterioles.

53
Q

Structure and function of veins?

A

I have less electric fibres and smooth muscle then arteries, transport blood to heart at lower pressure, consequently need valves to prevent back flow(especially since against gravity) , carries deoxygenated blood. Also has a endothelium.

54
Q

Structure and function of capillaries?

A

Transport of substance between blood and cells, smallest lumon, one red blood cell can travel though at a time. It endothelium is one cell thick.

55
Q

Blood products?

A

Whole blood, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and plasma.

56
Q

What is whole blood used to treat?

A

To replace blood volume after large blood loss.

57
Q

What are white blood cells used to treat?

A

Serious bacterial infections and low white blood cell count.

58
Q

What are red blood cells used to treat?

A

Sever bleeding and anemia

59
Q

What are platelets used to treat?

A

Severe haemorrhaging, bleeding due to diseases such as leukaemia

60
Q

What is plasma used to treat?

A

Bleeding after trauma, following transplants or other surgery

61
Q

What is haemoglobin ?

A

Main component of red blood cells and is composed of four proteins known as globins and one heam unit. Haem is a ring structure with iron in the centre. It is the iron that binds the oxygen, in a weak interaction that can be easily broken.

62
Q

Wat r the adaptive advantages of haemoglobin ?

A

Bind to oxygen to make oxyhameglobin, transport around the blood.

63
Q

Why should there be continued research into artificial blood?

A

Blood must be screened for blood borne deceases, blood has a shelf- life of about one month and must be refrigerated, must be typed and matched to patients and there isa. Shortage.

64
Q

What compounds are being researched in the search for artificial blood?

A

Haemoglobin and perfluorocarbons

65
Q

Explain the adaptive advantage of haemoglobin?

A

Oxygen is not soluble in water can cannot be carried efficiently in blood plasma. Thus the presence of haemoglobin in RBC’s allows for blood to efficiently carried by increasing blood capabilities to carry oxygen in the form of oxyheamglobin. Organism without haemoglobin are able to deliver oxygen to cells more efficiently then organism without. This gives such organism an advantage in the environment and by extension in competition. Allow msucles to receive oxygen for need.

66
Q

analyse information to report
on progress in the production of artificial blood in relation to haemoglobin.

A

Haemoglobin in its free state(not in RBC’s) as a potential blood substitute. Problems have occurred such as molecular instability, it’s higher affinity for oxygen but inability to release it. Also cause damage to kidney by the filtration of haemoglobin breaks own products in kidney tubule. However to a large extent changes to chemical nature of haemoglobin has over comes some of these problems.

67
Q

analyse information to report
on progress in the production of artificial blood in relation to preflurocarbons.

A

O2 is 100 times more soluble in solutions contain PFC compounds then in plasma. But PFC r not soluble in aqueous solution (like plasma) and thusa. Emulsifying agent must be added. However initial use of fluosol(emulsifying agent) weren’t a great success, further development produced better emulsifying agents and allowed for mixing with blood plasma and greater oxygen dissolving capacity. Can be stored at 4C without loss of activity.

68
Q

Compare preflurocarbons and haemoglobin?

A

Haemoglobin binds to O2 while PFC makes blood plasma more soluble to O2

  • PFC smaller then Haemoglobin , less is needed to achieve same goal
  • haemoglobin is naturally found in body, PFC r not so they r retained in liver for a week then released to I to plasma as dissolved gas.
69
Q

Disadvantages of artificial blood?

A

Neither haemoglobin or Preflurocarbons are true artificial blood, just replace the function of bloods ability to carry oxygen. Ned research or develop substitutes for other function of blood.

70
Q

How does the chemical composition of blood changes as. It moves around the body?

A

Pulmonary system(between lungs and heart) starts at heart full of co2 then goes to lungs to exchange co2 for O2 at alveoli via diffusion.

Systemic system (Heart everywhere the heart) , loses O2 as goes to tissues.g Biscep tissue , liver picks up nitrogenous waste (urea) which is leaves at kidneys, is filter at kidney for glucose . In intestines collects products of digestion(lipids, salts, vitamins etc)

71
Q

What is ATP ?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

72
Q

Outline the need for oxygen in cells

A

Oxygen is needed for cellular respiration, which breaks down glucose to produce ATP which is needed for msucles movement.

73
Q

Why is the removal of carbon dioxide from cells essential?

A

Increase in co2 concentration = increase in carbonic acid = increased hydrogen carbonate ions = decrease pH = decrease oxygen saturation of haemglobin(cause haemoglobin loses it shape) = less oxygen released into cells for respiration.

74
Q

How is co2 and O2 levels in blood measured invasively?

A

Arterial blood gas analyser

75
Q

How is O2 levels measured non invasively ?

A

Pulse oximeter

76
Q

How does the arterial blood gas anaylzer work?

A

Arterial blood is extract invasively and O2 in the blood diffuse across a meme range between two electrodes(platinum and silver) , where a current is produced proportional to O2 levels. CO2 levels r measured by placing the blood in a cell next to a another cells with a hydrogen electrote. CO2 then diffuses across a membrane into second chamber and the hydrogen ion concentration is measured by an attach anaysler.

77
Q

How does a pulse oximeter work?

A

A probe is attached to a a patient finger non invasively and heart rate is monitored. A light source is then passed though the blood, spending on oxygenation of blood , different degrees of light are absorbed. A processor then calculates the the percentage of haemglobin that is oxygenated.

78
Q

When is the arterial blood gas analyser used?

A

Used in intensive car unite , especially a babies with care units and labour wards. Helps to monitor lungs, heart and kidney delivery of oxygen and removal of co2 during medical procedures.

79
Q

When is a pulse oximeter used?

A

Used during anaesthesia and surgery

, used during recovery after surgery, intensive care wards. Gives information on whether lungs are working properly.

80
Q

What is yr indepednant variable ?

A

One ya change

81
Q

What is yr dependant variable?

A

One u measure

82
Q

What is the current theory for movement of materials though xylem

A

Transpiration which works though a evaporation-tension-cohesion model

83
Q

What is the current theory for movement of molecules though phloem?

A

Translocation which works by a pressure flow mechanism

84
Q

Describe the evaporation tension cohesion model?

A

Water potential created by the difference in water concentration between the cells along with root pressure push the water and mineral ions against gravity this transportation pull Is needed for photosynthesis at the leaves which transports the water up the xylem vessel using tension, cohesion, adhesion.

85
Q

Define cohesion, adhesion and hydrostatic pressure?

A

Cohesion attraction between molecules of of same kind, water and wAter.

Adhesion attraction between different molocules.

86
Q

Describe pressure flow mechanism?

A

Sugar source to sugar sink via osmosis and active transport from companion cell to phloem vessel. Starch is broken down to glucose and converted to surocose where it active transport loads it along with osmosis and water in phloem vessel. Bidirectional movement though maybe sieve plates into companion cells I.e sugar sink via active transport and osmosis. Hydrostatic pressure is pressure made by water.

Biology (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions