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Sociology: Family > Main Theorists > Flashcards

Main Theorists Flashcards

1
Q

Young + Willmott (M.o.P)

A

Men are doing more domestic tasks as women are becoming dual earners due to social changes:
- Changes in women’s positions.
- New technology - labour saving devices.
- Higher living standards.

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2
Q

Gershuny (cultural)

A
  • Women who work full time have a shared division of labour.
  • Parental role models are important in establishing new norms - couples whose parents had a more equal relationship were more likely to share housework equally themselves.
  • 70% of couples said they made equal decisions.
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3
Q

Man Yee Kan (material)

A
  • Younger men do more domestic work.
  • For every extra £10K, women have 2 hours less of housework.
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4
Q

Sullivan (material)

A

Working full-time compared to part-time affects the amount of domestic work each partner does.

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5
Q

Crompton (material)

A
  • If equality depends on economic equality, there is no immediate prospect
  • 7/8 households where men earn more.
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6
Q

Oakley (F)

A
  • 15% husbands helped with house work.
  • 25% helped in childcare.
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7
Q

Boulton

A

Less than 20% of husbands had a major role in childcare.

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8
Q

Dex + Warde

A

Involvement in childcare until the child was sick (1%).

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9
Q

Duncombe + Marsden (F)

A

Triple shift: domestic, paid + emotion work.

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10
Q

Hochschild

A

Emotion work - managing feelings of family members.

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11
Q

Bott

A
  • Segregated conjugal roles - male breadwinner, female carer.
  • Joint conjugal roles - couples share tasks + spend their leisure time together.
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12
Q

Dunne

A

Lesbians have a symmetrical gender relationship due to the absence of gender scripts.

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13
Q

Pahl + Vogler

A
  • Allowance - men give their wives a budget, retaining surplus income.
  • Pooling - sharing money in a joint bank account.
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14
Q

Barrett + McIntosh

A

Men gain more from women’s domestic work than they give back in financial support.

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15
Q

Finch

A

Women’s lives revolve around their husbands’ careers.

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16
Q

Edgell

A
  • Very important decisions: husband.
  • Important decisions: joint.
  • Less important decisions: wife.
  • Southern: women manage the family’s quality time (less important).
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17
Q

Southern

A

Women manage the family’s quality time (less important).

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18
Q

Smart (PLP)

A
  • Gays attach no importance to who controlled the money - control of money didn’t mean inequality in a relationship.
  • Different types of childhoods, e.g. disabled, girl, Chinese.
  • Connectedness thesis - connections influence our choices.
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19
Q

Official Statistics (D.V)

A
  • 2 women a week killed by an ex or current male partner.
  • Nearly 1/4 women have been assaulted by a partner.
  • Every 3 victims: 2 women, 1 man.
  • Cheal: police are reluctant to get involved as family is considered private - affects validity of official statistics.
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20
Q

Cheal

A

Police are reluctant to get involved as family is considered private - affects validity of official statistics.

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21
Q

Yearnshire

A

Women suffer average of 35 attacks before reporting to police.

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22
Q

Dobash + Dobash (R.F)

A
  • Domestic violence is caused by patriarchy + need for men to assert their power.
  • Elliot: not all men are aggressive + violence.
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23
Q

Walby (F)

A

Violence - men use their physicality to intimidate women.

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24
Q

Wilkinson + Pickett (M)

A

Stress of less resources leads to violence.

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25
Q

Ansley (M.F)

A

D.V is a product of capitalism - men frustrated at work take it out on their wives.

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26
Q

Giddens (P.M)

A

D.V is caused by emotional intensity + family life.

27
Q

Pilcher

A
  • Childhood is distinct / clear lifestage
  • Separateness: dress, laws, products.
28
Q

Postman

A

Childhood is disappearing through collapse of information hierarchy, technology, crimes, rights.

29
Q

Opie

A

Criticises Postman: continued existence of a separate children’s culture.

30
Q

Jenks (P.M)

A

Childhood is changing as the family becomes unstable + complex.

31
Q

Aries (M.o.P)

A
  • In the olden days, childhood was not a concept as children were seen as mini-adults - same: punishments; laws; clothes.
  • Cult of childhood - notion of childhood emerged from the 13c - introduction of: schools; books on child rearing.
32
Q

Shorter (M.o.P)

A

High death rates encouraged indifference. Changes:
- Laws: restricting child labour, compulsory education, child protection.
- Lower infant mortality rates + declining family sizes.
- Donzelot: medical knowledge on child development.

33
Q

Wagg

A

There is no single, universal childhood - it’s a social construction.

34
Q

West

A
  • Western notion of childhood is spreading globally.
  • Western culture - children are separated as they are seen as vulnerable.
35
Q

Benedict

A

Childhood varies from culture to culture:
- They have more responsibility at home and work.
- Less value is placed on obedience to adult authority.
- Children’s sexual behaviour is viewed differently.

36
Q

Firth

A

Tikopia places less value on children showing obedience to adults.

37
Q

Punch

A

In Bolivia, children at five are expected to work.

38
Q

Holmes

A

In Samoa, age is not a reason to not partake in work.

39
Q

Palmer

A

Toxic childhood - children’s development is damaged.
- Caused by: rapid technological + cultural changes.
- Range from: junk food; computer games; poor sleep; emotional security; little time to interact with family.
- Increase in: mental health; self-harm; substance abuse.

40
Q

Hillman

A
  • Boys + girls are socialised into gender roles.
  • Bedroom culture - reading + talking with friends.
41
Q

Brannen

A

Asian parents were stricter towards their daughters.

42
Q

Bhatti

A

Ideas of izzat (family honour) restricts their behaviour.

43
Q

Firestone (M)

A

Protection from paid work makes children more dependent, powerless + subject to adult control.

44
Q

Gittins

A

Age patriarchy - adult domination + child dependency, specifically the father’s power over his wife + children.

45
Q

Durkheim (F)

A
  • Organic analogy - society is a system that is made up of different but interdependent parts (e.g. education system), maintaining a value consensus.
  • Value consensus - a shared set of norms and values (or culture).
46
Q

Murdock (F)

A

Nuclear family performs essential functions for society.
- Satisfaction of the sex drive - monogamous, hetrosexual relationships.
- Reproduction - next generation.
- Socialisation - norms to integrate into society.
- Economic needs - e.g. providing food and shelter.

47
Q

Parsons (F)

A
  • Instrumental (man) + expressive (women) roles that are based on biological differences.
  • Functional fit - family changes to meet needs of society.
  • Primary socialisation - teach basic skills + society’s values.
  • Geographical mobility - easier for two-generational nuclear family to move.
48
Q

New Right

A
  • Self-reliance - dependency culture on state welfare: undermines traditional gender roles; family breakdown; lone parent families.
  • Lack of a male role model leads to delinquency.
49
Q

Murray (N.R)

A
  • D.V occurs in l/c due to low morals.
  • Other family types are seen as unnatural and producing social problems: delinquency; welfare benefits.
  • Perverse incentives - rewards irresponsible behaviour.
50
Q

Engles (M)

A

Inheritance of wealth - m/c ensure that wealth stays within the family.

51
Q

Zaretsky (M)

A
  • Cushioning effect - family acts as comfort for the oppressive workplace.
  • Unit of consumption - workers are paid less than what is charged to create the product.
52
Q

Althusser (M)

A
  • Ideological state apparatus - socialisation to accept the r/c’s ideologies.
  • Creating the next generation of workers.
53
Q

Feminism

A
  • L.F: gender equality through legal reforms + policy changes.
  • M.F: women are a reserve army of cheap labour.
  • R.F: political lesbianism - complete separatism from men.
  • Difference: not all women share the same experiences of oppression.
54
Q

Giddens (L.M)

A
  • Pure relationship - ends when the relationship no longer meets needs.
  • May: Giddens’ view reflects an idealised version of a white m/c man.
55
Q

Beck (L.M)

A
  • Individualisation thesis - traditional social structures have lost their influence.
  • Fragmentation of cultures + lifestyles - increase in family diversity.
  • May: Beck’s view reflects an idealised version of a white m/c man.
56
Q

Stacey (F)

A
  • Women have greater freedom + choice.
  • Divorce-Extended family - help each other despite lack of connection.
57
Q

PLP

A
  • Traditional social structures have weakened but still influence people.
  • We choose the families that we want + need, based on past experiences rather than an open choice.
58
Q

Smart + Nordqvist

A

Donor conceived children - social over genetic relationship.

59
Q

Birth Rates

A
  • Decline in the birth rate.
  • More women are remaining childless nowadays.
  • Women are having children later: average age of 30.
60
Q

Total Fertility Rates

A
  • TFR: 1960s - 2.9; 2001 - 1.63.
  • Affects family and household size.
61
Q

Reasons for Changing Birth Rates

A
  • Changes in the position of women.
  • Fall in the infant mortality rate: 1900 - 154; 2007 - 5.
  • Improved housing, sanitation, nutrition, knowledge of medical knowledge + child health.
  • Economic liability: estimated cost of raising children for 21 years: £227,000.
  • Child-centredness: ‘quantity’ to ‘quality’.
62
Q

Death Rates

A

Death rates halved from 19 in 1900, down to 10 by 2007.

63
Q

Reasons for Death Rates

A
  • Improved nutrition - better diet accounted for half the reduction in the death rate.
  • Medical improvements, e.g. NHS (1948).
  • Public health, e.g. better housing, purer drinking water.
    Social changes - decline of dangerous manual occupations (e.g. mining); greater public knowledge of the causes of illnesses.
64
Q
A

Sociology: Family (1 decks)

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