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EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY > Main Theories on the Origin of Life > Flashcards

Main Theories on the Origin of Life Flashcards

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1
Q

The Origin of Life

A

Nothing is directly known about the origin of life, the answer to this question are exceedingly complex and at best only tentative.

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2
Q

Main Theories on the Origin of Life

A
  1. Theory of Creation
  2. Abiogenesis (Theory of Spontaneous Generation)
  3. Biogenesis
  4. Cosmozoic / Interplanetary Hypothesis
  5. Natural or Marine (Primeval Soup)
  6. Physico-chemical / Coacervate Droplet Theory
  7. Evolution Theory
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3
Q

Religion, Mythology, Philosophy

A

Theory of Creation

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4
Q

The origin of life must be attributed to an agency outside nature called

A

creator

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5
Q

(3) examples of people around the world that have origin myths

A
  • Tasmanian aborigines
  • Hebrew tribes of the Middle East
  • Norse People of Scandinavia
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6
Q

(Tasmanian aborigines)

A terrible battle between 2 rival gods:

A

Moinee and Dromerdeener up in the stars

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7
Q

was defeated and fell out of the stars down to Tasmania. Before he died, he wanted to give a last blessing to his final resting stage, so he decided to create humans.

A

Moinee

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8
Q

The people hated having such tails since they could not sit down.
So, they prayed to their god, and then the mighty _______ heard their cry. He pitied them, cut-off their inconvenient tails. Then, the people lived happily ever after.

A

Dromerdeener

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9
Q

Portraits of Tasmanian aborigines from

A

François Péron’s Voyage de découvertes aux Terres Australes.

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10
Q

Had only one god

A

Hebrew tribes of the Middle East

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11
Q

(Hebrew tribes)
He made the first man out of

A

dust

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12
Q

He placed Adam in a beautiful garden called ______, filled with trees.

A

Eden

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13
Q

“forbidden tree”

A

Tree of the knowledge of good and evil

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14
Q

Also known as Viking seafarers, had a lot of gods, as the Greek
and Romans.

A

Norse People of Scandinavia

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15
Q

chief God of Norse People of Scandinavia

A

Odin sometimes called as Wotan or Woden.

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16
Q

from which we get out ‘Wednesday’.

A

Wotan or Woden

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17
Q

‘Thursday’ comes from another Norse god, ______, the god of thunder, which he made with his mighty hammer.

A

Thor

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18
Q

One day Odin was walking along the seashore with his brothers, who were also gods and they came upon

A

two tree trunks

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19
Q

One of these tree trunks they turned into the first man, whom they called ‘____’ and the other they turned into the first woman, naming her ‘____’.

A

Ask;

Embla

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20
Q

Having created the bodies of the first man and first woman, the brother gods then gave them the ____, followed by ______.

A

breath of life;

consciousness, faces and the gift of speech

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21
Q

The book about the story of Norse People of Scandinavia

A

Magic of Reality, Richard Dawkins

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22
Q

600 BC up to 2nd half of 19th century – believed that life could arise spontaneously from non-living substances.

A

Abiogenesis (Spontaneous Generation)

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23
Q

Living organisms originated in sea lime under the influence of factors in the environment s.a. heat, air, sun.

A

Abiogenesis (Spontaneous Generation)

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24
Q

Some vital force in the elements s.a. water, air, fire, & earth could transform lifeless matter into a living form. It persisted nearly 2000 years

A

Aristotle’s Hypothesis

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25
Q

Middle of 17th century, he published an account of 21-day experiment which added to concept of abiogenesis.

A

Van Helmont’s Hypothesis

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26
Q

21-day experiment

A

Wheat grains placed in a dirty shirt for 21 days will give rise to mice.

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27
Q

21-day experiment active principle

A

was human sweat converting the wheat grains into mice

28
Q

He conducted an experiment to disprove abiogenesis

A

Francesco Redi - 1668 Italian physician

29
Q

Francesco Redi put some meat inside the jar and covered it.

compared the unsealed flask, sealed flask, and flask covered with gauze

A

Redi experiment

30
Q

Every living thing on earth is the offspring of other living things.

A

Biogenesis

31
Q

was the first to be able to prove biogenesis and proposed that the organisms that are not visible to the naked eye are present in the air.

A

Louis Pasteur

32
Q

Working hypothesis: life arose from pre-existing life

A

Louis Pasteur

33
Q

Believed that microorganisms arose from pre-existing organisms

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

34
Q

Broth in flask is boiled to kill preexisting microorganisms.

As broth cools, condensing water collects, sealing the mouth of the flask.
- NO GROWTH

If neck is later broken off, outside air can carry micro organisms into broth.
- GROWTH

A

Pasteur experiment

35
Q

Proposed that the universe started from a primeval fireball and had been expanding and cooling since its inception 10-20 Billion years ago (Bya).

A

Cosmozoic or Interplanetary

36
Q

Life originated from outer planets in the form of a resistant spore propelled by radiation pressure, reached earth and started the first form of life.

A

Cosmozoic or Interplanetary

37
Q

Cosmozoic idea was proposed by _______ and supported by ______ and other contemporary

A

Richter in 1865;

Arrhenius (1908)

38
Q

“Something pretty mysterious had to give rise to to the origin of the universe”

A

Richard Dawkins (Shutterstock)

39
Q

(Cosmozoic)

planetary scientist at the University of Chicago and Scott Sanford, a NASA astrophysicist.

A

Fred Ciesla

40
Q

(Cosmozoic)

In 2013, they created a computer model of the ________ - a disk of gas and dust from which the Sun and planets were formed.

A

solar nebula

41
Q

(Cosmozoic)

The primordial debris included icy grains containing

A

frozen water, ammonia and carbon dioxide, among other molecules.

42
Q

(Cosmozoic)

_________ broke the molecular bonds and could have produced organic molecules such as amino acids, amphiphiles and nucleobases.

A

High-energy UV radiation

43
Q

Physico-chemical theory (Oparin and Haldane)

A
  1. Formation of simple organic compounds
  2. Formation of complex organic compounds
  3. Formation of molecular aggregates (Coacervates)
  4. Formation of first primitive living cell:
44
Q

the primitive inorganic molecules of earth interacted and combined with one another to form simple organic compounds. These were in the form of simple sugars, fatty acids, glycerol, amino acids and nitrogen bases.

The availability of energy from volcanic eruption and lighting allowed gases to form simple organic molecules.

A
  1. Formation of simple organic compounds
45
Q

Formation of polysaccharides, lipids, polypeptides and proteins, and nucleic acids.

A
  1. Formation of complex organic compounds
46
Q

Simple sugars combined, form

A

complex polysaccharides (starch, cellulose).

47
Q

Fatty acids and glycerol molecules combined to form

A

lipids

48
Q

Amino acids combined forming

A

polypeptides and proteins.

49
Q

Purines and pyrimidines combined with simple sugars and phosphates to form nucleotides, which then formed

A

nucleic acids.

50
Q

conducted an experiment stimulating the primitive condition of the Earth.

discovered amino acids and organic acids were formed

A

Stanley Miller (1953)

51
Q
  1. _____________:
    ____ and _____ proposed that the complex organic molecules synthesized abiotically on the primitive earth formed large spherical aggregates as cluster of complex organic molecules bound by fatty acids and divide.
    They remained suspended as droplets in sea water.
A

Formation of molecular aggregates (Coacervates):

Oparin and Fox

52
Q

Formation of first primitive living cell: formed ___ and ___

A

primitive cells
modern cell membrane

53
Q

proposed that life did not originate in the surface of the earth but deep beneath the sea in or around hydrothermal vents.

A

Natural or Marine (Primeval Soup)

54
Q

DNA sequences of modern organisms, biologists showed that the most recent common ancestor of all life was an __________ that lived in extremely high temperatures.

A

aquatic microorganism

55
Q

Organisms alive today are descendants of organisms that lived long ago and have changed and diverged from one another over billions of years.

A

Evolution

56
Q

He established that all species of life have descended over time from a common ancestor

A

Charles Darwin

57
Q

Evidence of Evolution

A
  • the fossil record
  • geographic distribution of living species
  • homologous body structures
  • similarities in early development
58
Q

the fossil record which is composed of

A

physical remains of organisms

59
Q

geographic distribution of living species which indicates

A

common ancestral species

60
Q

homologous body structures which implies

A

similar genes

61
Q

similarities in early development which implies

A

similar genes

62
Q

is the process that drives evolution. Organisms with favorable traits causes gradual change in populations of organisms

A

Natural Selection or “survival of the fittest”

63
Q

Evolution by natural selection is driven by

A

competition for resources such as food, habitat, mates, etc.

64
Q

Evolution is both __ and ___.

A

a theory and a fact

65
Q

The theory of Evolution deals with ___. Our understanding of this process is always changing.

A

how Evolution happens

66
Q

Evolution is also a fact as there is a __________ for its occurrence.

A

huge amount of indisputable evidence

67
Q

A bit of science distances one from God, but much science nears one to Him…. The more I study nature, the more I stand amazed at the work of the Creator.”

A

Louis Pasteur

EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (2 decks)

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