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Physics Paper 2 > Main Focuses > Flashcards

Main Focuses Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a scalar quantity

A

Only magnitude

no direction

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2
Q

What is a vector

A

Both magnitude and direction

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3
Q

What is a force

A

A PUSH or a PULL that acts on an object due to an INTERACTION with another object

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4
Q

Is a force a vector or scalar

Why?

A

VECTOR

Both direction and magnitude

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5
Q

Unit for force

A

N

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6
Q

What is contact force

A

Two object PHYSICALLY TOCHING

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7
Q

What is a non-contact force

A

Two object PHYSCICALLY SEPERATED

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8
Q

What is mass

A

The amount of MATTER that an object has in it

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9
Q

Unit of mass

A

Kg

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10
Q

Is mass scalar or vector

A

Scalar

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11
Q

Does the mass change on the moon

A

No

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12
Q

What is weight

A

The FORCE acting on an object due to GRAVITY

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13
Q

Does the weight of an object change on the moon

Why?

A

Yes

Different gravitation field strength

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14
Q

The weight and mass of an object are

A

DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL

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15
Q

How to determine weight instrument

A

Newtonmeter

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16
Q

What is the center of mass

A

The weight of an object can be considered to act from a single point

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17
Q

What is resultant force

A

The resultant force is a SINGLE force that is the SAME EFFECT as all the original forces together

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18
Q

If the force are the same the resultant force is

A

0

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19
Q

What shape is a vector diagram

A

Parallelogram

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20
Q

What shape is a scaled vector diagram

When is this one used

A

Square

When you what the horizontal and vertical force

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21
Q

1 Newton meter of work is

A

1 joule

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22
Q

Work done is measured in

A

Joules

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23
Q

The distance must be

A

In the line of action of the force

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24
Q

What is an elastic object

A

Will always RETURN spot their original length or shape when the FORCES ARE REMOVED

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25
Q

How many force to change and objects shape

A

2 or more

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26
Q

What is elastic deformation

A

When an objects shape is change but it then return to original shape

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27
Q

What is an in elastic material

A

When a change is made too it’s shape it does not return to its original shape

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28
Q

At what angle is a force inside a container

A

90

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29
Q

When is pressure created

A

When particles collide with a surface they exert a force

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30
Q

Pressure equation units

A

Force. N
Pressure Pa
Area meters

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31
Q

Why does a bag expand in space

A

The air pressure inside the bag is greater then the air pressure outside the bag
Because cabin pressure is lower then at ground level

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32
Q

In a container with holes why does the bottom hole squirt the furthest

A

Under the most pressure because more water particles above it greater weight

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33
Q

What is density of a liquid measure in

A

Kg/m3

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34
Q

A cube in water where is the pressure most

Explain upthrust

A

The bottom is at a greater depth for experiences more pressure
So there is a larger for on the bottom of the object rather then the top
Resultant force upward
Upthrust

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35
Q

What must there be an order for an object floats

A

The upthrust must be equal to the objects weight

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36
Q

What happens if the upstairs is less than the object

A

It sinks

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37
Q

Why would you put an object in water why does is the height of the water raise

A

Displacement

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38
Q

What is the size of the upthrust equal to

A

The weight of water displaced by the object

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39
Q

How can an object float

A

If an object can displace its own weight of water then the upthrust will be equal to the objects weight
And float

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40
Q

What happens if the object is less dense than water

A

The object only has to displace a small volume of water before the weight of the water displaced equals the weight of the object

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41
Q

What happens if it has the same density as water

A

Displace it’s own volume of water
In order for the weight of water to equal the weight of the object
The upthrust equals the weight of the object and the object floats

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42
Q

What happens if an object is more dense then water

A

Cannot displace the volume of water equals to its weight

The weight of the object is greater than the upthrust so it sinks

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43
Q

Distance is in

A

Meters

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44
Q

Time is in

A

Seconds

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45
Q

What is normal walking speed

A

1.5 m /S

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46
Q

Running speed

A

3 m/s

47
Q

Cycling speed

A

6 m / s

48
Q

Car on main road speed

A

13 m/s

49
Q

Train in uk

A

50 m/S

50
Q

Aeroplane speed

A

250 m/s

51
Q

Speed of sound

A

330 m/s

52
Q

What is velocity

A

Speed in a given direction

53
Q

How to calculate velocity

A

Same as speed

Just add direction

54
Q

Velocity in a circle

A

Even though constant speed the direction is constantly changing so the velocity is constantly changing

55
Q

Distant time graph flat line

A

They have stopped

56
Q

How to find speed on distance time graph

A

Gradient

57
Q

How to fine speed at given points

A

Draw tangent

58
Q

What is acceleration

A

The change is velocity in a given time

59
Q

Unit of acceleration

A

M/s2

60
Q

On a velocity time graph
a flat line
Diagonal-Upward -Downward

A

Constant velocity
Accelerating
Decelerating

61
Q

How to find distance on velocity time graph

A

Area under graph

62
Q

If you can’t make nice shapes under graph what do you do

A

Count number of full squares + roughly

Then multiply by the value of 1 square

63
Q

Skydiver acceleration

A

Initially force of gravity causes acceleration
As the diver falls experience friction with air particles ( air resistance)
As the speed increases so does the friction
Then stops accelerating and move at constant velocity ( terminal velocity)

64
Q

If an object experiences greater friction what happens to velocity

A

If an object experiences a greater force of friction due to the shape they will have a lower terminal velocity

65
Q

What do all moving objects have

A

Momentum

66
Q

What is the momentum of an object that’s not moving

A

Zero

67
Q

What is the conservation of momentum

A

In a close system the total momentum before an event is equal to the total momentum after an event

68
Q

Explain how firing cannonball conserves momentum

A

Initially both cannonball and Canon have a velocity of zero
When the Canon fires the cannonball is moving at a very large velocity
So the cannonball has a momentum in the forward direction
At the same time the Canon recoils back backwards direction so has momentum backwards
The backwards and forward momentum equals the total amount of zero

69
Q

Why is there huge force during a car crash

A

The momentum of the passengers falls from a large amount to 0 in a short period of time

70
Q

How to reduce the force ( to do with momentum)

A

Increase the time taken to stop slows down the rate of change of momentum which reduces the force

71
Q

What do all waves do

A

Transfer energy

72
Q

Transverse

A

The Oscillations are perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer

73
Q

Longitudinal

A

The oscillations are parallel to the direction of energy transfer

74
Q

What do all longitudinal waves need

A

A medium to travel through

75
Q

Where is the amplitude of a wave

A

It’s between the top of the wave to the middle

76
Q

Where is the wavelength of a wave

A

It’s between the two tips of the wave or the two troughs

77
Q

How to get a wavelength on a longitudinal wave

A

Between two compressions or two refractions

78
Q

What is the frequency of a wave and the unit

A

The frequency is the number of waves per second

Hz = 1 Wave per second 

79
Q

What is the period of a wave

Units

A

A time for one way to pass a point
Time in seconds
frequency and hz


80
Q

Unit for. Distance in the wave equation

A

Meters

81
Q

What are the three things that can happen to the way when it passes into a different median

A

Transmitted
Absorb
Reflect

82
Q

Angle of incidence is =

A

Angle of refraction

83
Q

Why is an image virtual

A

Not made of real days of light

84
Q

What type of wave is sound

A

Longitudinal

85
Q

How does the microphone work

A

Sound waves hit the cone causing it to vibrate

This is then converted into electrical signals

86
Q

Frequency of human hearing

A

20 Hz to 20,000 Hz

87
Q

Relationship between frequency and pitch

A

High frequency high pitch

Low-frequency frequency low

88
Q

Relationship between amplitude and sound

A

Small amplitude quiet sound

Large amplitude loud sound

89
Q

Where can soundwaves not travel

A

No vacuum because there are no particles sand waves move by vibrating particles

90
Q

What is reflected sound wave called

A

Echo

91
Q

What is an ultrasound

A

Is a sound with waves higher frequency than human hearing

Above 20,000 Hz

92
Q

Key when calculating distance by ultrasound

A

Half it

93
Q

S wave
Which
Properties
Speed

A

Transverse
Solids only
Slower then P waves

94
Q

P wave
Type
Property
Speed

A

Longitudinal
Solid and liquid
Faster then S waves

95
Q

Pattern of p and S waves in the earth

A

S waves cannot pass through a liquid that is the S way Shadowzone which shows that the core is liquid
P wave however can pass through the core so core is liquid


96
Q

Why do I get P-wave shadow zones

A

P-waves are faster in solids than in liquids
this means they slow down into the liquid outer core
This cause them to refract
They also refract when they leave the court disproves the core liquid

97
Q

What is a moon

A

Natural satellite

98
Q

What is a galaxy

A

Massive group of stars

99
Q

Formation of a star

A

Nebula - cloud of dust and gas
Protostar- gravity cause dust and and gas to collapse - rise to million of degrees
Star - when hydrogen nuclei join together to from helium ( nuclear fusion)- release lots of energy

100
Q

When is the star equilibrium

A

When the force of gravity acting inwards is equal to the force of fusion energy acting outwards

101
Q

Life cycle of a star same size as sun

A

1) earlier flash card to star
2) hydrogen runs out The outward force due to fusion is less than the inward force of gravity
3) This causes the collapse of the star which cause it’s temperature to increase
4). Helium nuclei fuse together to create heavier elements
3) The start expands to form a red giant
5). When it stops for using helium it becomes a white dwarf and then it cools down to black dwarf


102
Q

Life cycle of a star bigger than our sun

A

1) leave the main sequence and expand to become red supergiant
2) helium nuclei fuse together to create heavier elements
3) when it stops carrying out nuclear fusion explodes called a supernova
3) The temperature of a supernova is high enough to produce and it’s heavier than iron
4) The elements are then distributed in the universe
5). Neutron star or black hole


103
Q

How do you planets actually orbit

A

Elliptical orbit

104
Q

What holds the Earth in its orbit

A

Gravity

105
Q

How often did geostationary satellite orbit

A

Every 24

106
Q

Why is the velocity constantly changing in a satellite

A

The force of gravity causes the object to change direction but not speed because the object is constantly changing direction is constantly changing velocity because velocity is a vector

107
Q

What happens if the speed of a satellite increases

A

If the speed increases in the radius of its orbit decreases
At higher speed a greater force of gravity in needed to prevent it flying off
Closer to the Earth the gravitational force greater

108
Q

What does Redshift tell us

A

The Galaxy is moving away from each other

109
Q

The further away the Galaxy ……that the Redshift

A

The further way galaxy the bigger the Redshift

110
Q

Wave length and galaxies

A

The further away the galaxy the faster the speed so the greater the wavelength

111
Q

What proof is that at a university expanding

A

Distant galaxies moving faster than closer galaxies

112
Q

Why do scientist believe the universe began ( Big Bang theory )

A

From a small region that was hot and dense

113
Q

Observations of what show that the rate of the expansion is increasing

A

Supernova

114
Q

What do the scientist blame on the fact that they can’t explain the universe

A

Dark matter and dark energy which we can’t detect

Physics Paper 2 (4 decks)

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