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IMS topic 6 - Endocrinology > Main endocrine glands > Flashcards

Main endocrine glands Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of the pituitary gland?

A

Controls most glands in the body

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2
Q

How is the pituitary gland divided

A

Anterior pituitary PRODUCES various hormones

Posterior pituitary STORES various hormones that have been produced in the hypothalamus

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3
Q

What does growth hormone (GH) control? Where is it produced?

A

Skeletal growth

Anterior pituitary

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4
Q

What does adrenocorticotrophic (ACTH) hormone do? Where is it produced?

A

Stimulates adrenals to produce steroids

Anterior pituitary

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5
Q

What do gonadotrophin (FSH and LH) do? Where are they produced?

A

Stimulate testicles or ovaries to produce sex hormones

Produced in anterior pituitary

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6
Q

What does thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) or thyrotrophin do? Where is it produced?

A

Stimulates thyroid to produce thyroid hormones

Anterior pituitary

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7
Q

Where is the pituitary

A

At the bottom of the hypothalamus

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8
Q

What does prolactin (PRL) hormone do? Where is it produced?

A

stimulates breast milk production

anterior pituitary

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9
Q

What does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) do? Where is it stored?

A

Stimulates water reabsorption by the kidneys to prevent dehydration.
Stored in the posterior pituitary

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10
Q

What does oxytocin hormone do? Where is it stored?

A

Helps uterine contractions during labour

Stored in posterior pituitary

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11
Q

What controls the anterior pituitary gland and how?

A

Hypothalamus secreted various hormones which tells the anterior pituitary gland to release other hormones

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12
Q

What is secreted by the hypothalamus to stimulate the pituitary gland to release ACTH (adrenocortitrophic steroid hormone)?

A

Corticotoprhin releasing hormone (CRH)

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13
Q

What is secreted by the hypothalamus to stimulate the pituitary gland to release GH?

A

Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)

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14
Q

What is secreted by the hypothalamus to stimulate the pituitary gland to release TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)?

A

Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)

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15
Q

What is secreted by the hypothalamus to stimulate the pituitary gland to release FSH and LH?

A

Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH)

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16
Q

How is prolactin controlled?

A

It is under inhibitory control by the hypothalamus

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17
Q

How are ACTH and CRH (steroid hormones) switched off?

A

The adrenal gland produces cortisol which switched off ACTH production by the pituitary and CRH production by the hypothalamus by NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

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18
Q

How are GH and GHRH (growth hormones) switched off?

A

Excess growth hormone switches off GHRH and GH by negative feedback

19
Q

How are FSH/LH an GnRH switched off?

A

Sex hormones switch off these by negative feedback

20
Q

Which 4 glands are NOT controlled by the pituitary?

A

Adrenal medulla - produces adrenaline and noradrenaline
Parathyroid - controls calcium levels
Pancreas - controls sugar levels
Gut hormones

21
Q

What is the parathyroid?

A

4 small glands that sit behind the thyroid and control calcium levels

22
Q

What is the thyroid gland composed of?

A

Midline isthmus, right lobe and left lobe.

Thyroid cells are arranged in follicles and produce thyroid hormones

23
Q

What do C cells in the thyroid produce?

A

Calcitonin, for calcium metabolism (this is not controlled by the pituitary)

24
Q

How do thyroid hormones regulate gene expression and organ function?

A

Thyroid hormones interact with receptors in various organs

25
Q

What are T3 and T4 and what are their activities and compositions?

A

Thyroid hormones
T3 is 20% of all produced and T4 is 80%.
T3 is the active hormone
T4 is converted to T3 by an enzyme (iodine is removed)

26
Q

What controls Ca2+ levels in the body? Which body parts are involved in calcium metabolism?

A

4 parathyroid glands
The kidneys excrete calcium and produce active vitamin D
The gut absorbs calcium
Bones store calcium

27
Q

What does the adrenal cortex do? How much of the adrenal gland is it?

A

Produces cortisol (controls metabolism, inflammation, sugar levels etc), androgens and aldosterone (controls blood pressure)

90% of the adrenal gland

28
Q

What does the adrenal medulla do? How much of the adrenal gland is it?

A

Produces adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine

10% of the adrenal gland

29
Q

How vital is cortisol?

A

Incredibly, patients will die without cortisol. Treatment should be given immediately, before blood tests, if there is any indication

30
Q

What are adrenal glands controlled by?

A

The renin-angiotensin system

31
Q

In which part of the menstrual cycle is more FSH secreted and so more estradiol produced?

A

The first part

32
Q

In which part of the menstrual cycle is more LH secreted and so more progesterone produced?

A

The second part

33
Q

What is the main function of inhibin in the female reproductive system?

A

Produced by the ovaries, provides a negative feedback loop to switch off FSH and LH secretion by the pituitary gland

34
Q

Does estradiol cause negative or positive feedback? What does this effect?

A

both

Switches on/off GnRH secretion by the hypothalamus

35
Q

Where are the testes found?

A

In the scrotum

36
Q

What are the role of interstitial cells and leydig cells in the testes?

A

Produce testosterone

37
Q

What is the role of seminiferous tubules in the testes?

A

Made up of germ cells that produce sperm

38
Q

What is the role of sertoli cells in the testes?

A

They produce inhibin for negative feedback to the pituitary gland to switch off FSH and LH secretion

39
Q

In the male reproductive system, what does GnRH produced by the hypothalamus do?

A

Causes pituitary to secrete FSH and LH which stimulate the testes to secrete inhibin (from sertoli cells) and testosterone (from leydig cells)

40
Q

In the male reproductive system, what does FSH control?

A

Mainly sperm production

41
Q

In the male reproductive system, what does LH control?

A

Mainy testosterone production by Leydig cells

42
Q

Explain the hormones involved in the female reproductive system

A

The hypothalamus produces GnRH which switches on/off FSH and LH production by the pituitary gland. FSH and LH stimulate the ovaries to produce inhibin, progesterone and estradiol.

43
Q

In the female reproductive system, what controls the secretion of GnRh by the hypothalamus?

A

Negative and positive feedback by estradiol

IMS topic 6 - Endocrinology (4 decks)

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