Main Deck Flashcards
Parkinsonism
Movement abnormalities seen in Parkinson dx:
Tremor, slow movement, impaired speech or muscle stiffness
Motor hand is represented where in the brain
Central sulcus at the inverted Omega
Where is the pars marginalis
Immediately behind the central sulcus
Name the sulci
Name the gyri. Beginning at 12 o clock and moving clockwise
- Superior frontal gyrus
- superior frontal sulcus
- Central sulcus
- Post central sulcus
- Intraparietal sulcus
- Angular gyrus
- Superior parietal gyrus
- Pars marginalis
- Supramarginal gyrus
- Post central gyrus
- Pre central gyrus
- Middle frontal gyrus
The most prominent sulcus that reaches the midline is the ?
Central sulcus
Homunculous Trivia:
The ____ arterial territory gets legs
The _____ territory gets the rest
ACA, MCA
How many latyers is the cortex?
How many layers is the hippocampus?
3
Define Virchow Robin spaces
Fluid filled perivascular spaces that do accompany perforating vessels and contain interstitial fluid (not CSF)
The two lateral ventricles communicate with the 3rd ventricle via ? Which in turn communicates with the 4th ventricle via?
The foramen of Monroe
The cerebral aqueduct
Fluid in the 4th ventricle escapes via ?
The median aperture (Foramen of Magendie) and the lateral apertures (foramen of Luschka)
Define arachnoid granulations
Focal areas where the arachnoid projects into the venous system to allow for CSF resorption. Do not confuse with clot in the venous system. AG are hypodense on CT and usually round or oval and usually scallop the inner table from CSF pulsation. Clot is usually linear.
Name the cisterns from 3oclock and clockwise
quadrigeminal plate cistern
cisterna magna
pontine cistern
interpeduncular cistern
suprasellar cistern
cavum velum interpositum
Fibrous Dysplasia Synonyms
Craniofacial fibrous dysplasia (CFD), osteitis fibrosa, osteodystrophy fibrosa
McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS): One of the most common FD syndromes
Jaffe-Lichtenstein dysplasia (monostotic FD)
Fibrous Dysplasia definition
- Congenital disorder
- Defect in osteoblastic differentiation and maturation
- Characterized by expanding lesions with mixture of fibrous tissue and woven bone.
Osteopetrosis also known as “_____” Syndrome
C.O.M.M.A.D
- Coloboma
- Osteopetrosis
- Micropthalmia
- Macrocephaly
- Albinism
- Deafness
BG structure located in the midbrain that plays an imp role in reward and movement.
Substantia Nigra
Putaminal rim sign is assoc with
MSA at 1.5 T (Not 3T)
Structure in the rostral midbrain involved with motor coordination
Red nucleus
Characteristic imaging features of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH)
- Empty Sella: MC IIH finding (nonspecific)
- Skull base findings: Scalloping of the skull bkase, prominent arachnoid pits, meningoencephalocele, enlargement of skull base foramina, low lying cerebellar tonsils
- Meningoceles
- cerebral venous sinuses
- orbital findings
Initial imaging study to evaluate for IIH
Thin section CT through the sinuses and mastoids
Study used to evaluate for CSF leak
Beta 2 Transerrin
Important CT findings in the setting of IIH
A polypoid nondependent soft tissue next to and osseous defect
IIH treatment
Diamox or lumbar shunt
Studies choice for the evaluation of patient with an active CSF leak
CT cisternogram
Dx?
Stafne bone defect
well corticated 1 cm round defect in the medial cortex of the mandible in the right angle of the jaw (arrowed).
Also known as -lingual mandibular salivary gland depression- normal anatomical variant, as the depression is created by ectopic salivary gland tissue associated with the submandibular gland and does not represent a pathologic lesionas such.
Characteristic imaging findings of allergic fungal sinusitis include opacified sinuses that are ______ on CT and _____ on T2 MRI.
hyperdense;hypointense
Which imaging or clinical features favor pyogenic spondylitis over tuberculous spondylitis?
Patients with pyogenic spondylitis have a relatively short symptom to diagnosis interval and markely elevated inflammatory markers (ESR and CRP). Typical imaging features include involvement limited to 2 vertebral bodies, moderate to severe disc destruction and absence of a paraspinal or intraspinal abscess.
Two Dx?
Cobalamin or B12 deficiency
Conditions to screen for in Lhermitte Duclos?
Screening for breast, thyroid and genitourinary malignancies.
What metabolite resonates at 2ppm?
N-acetylaspartate (NAA)
Schizencephaly is associated with
SOD, gray matter heterotopia and absent septum pellucidum.
When performing a balloon kyphoplasty at this level, which is the most appropriate trocar path?
C. Transpedicular
Dx?
C1-2 rotary fixation
Generally there should not be greater than 45 degrees rotation at C1-2. If in doubt, repeat localized CT at C1-2 attempting to turn the head the other way.
purely ectodermal in origin and present as cystic masses adjacent to external auditory canal.
Type I Branchial cleft cyst
Have both ectodermal and mesodermal elements and may contain skin appendages. May present as cysts, sinuses or fistulae. The other cysts arise elsewhere.
Type II Branchial Cleft cyst
What part of the incus articulates with the stapes capitellum?
What part of the incus articulates with the stapes capitellum?
MRI shows hyperintense signal throughout the subarachnoid space on the FLAIR sequence but is otherwise negative. CSF analysis is normal. What is the most likely cause of the hyperintense CSF signal?
Paramagnetic effect of CSF dissolved O2
What do the minimum elements of a “safety time out” include?
Identify patient, confirm site, confirm procedure
Dx?
Guillain-Barre syndrome
Enhancement of the ventral nerve roots and the clinical history are both characteristic of Guillain-Barre syndrome.
Dx?
Holoprosencephaly
MC location for diastomatomyelia
thoracolumbar spine
Name the lesions that arise from the post ear elements of the spine
When considering lesions arising in the osseous elements of the spine, it can be useful to divide lesions into those that predominantly involve the posterior elements (osteoblastoma, aneurysmal bone cyst, osteoid osteoma, myeloma, metastases) and those that predominantly involve the vertebral body (chordoma, giant cell tumor, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, Ewing sarcoma, lymphoma, metastases, myeloma). This can be a good starting point for discussion of the differential diagnosis.
