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Public Health Main Points > Main > Flashcards

Main Flashcards

1
Q

what is utilitarianism/consequentialism

A

greater Good, act is valued in terms of its consequences/effect

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2
Q

limits of utilitarianism/consequentialism

A

dies not look at effect on individual, minorities treated unfairly for happiness of many
not all acts may be permissable

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3
Q

what is deontology

A

carrying out your duty as a doctor

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4
Q

what is tomorrow docs/ duty of docs

A

deontological documents

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5
Q

disadvantage of deontology

A

duties can conflict

difficult to apply to certain situations

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6
Q

duties of a doctor

A

protect and promote health of patients and public
provide a good standard of practice and care
recognise and work within the limits of your competence

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7
Q

what is virtue ethics

A

focus on the character of the agent, deemphasizes rules

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8
Q

disadvantage of virtue ethics

A

assessment of virtue is culture-specific

notion of virtue is too broad to allow practical application

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9
Q

what is the stages of change model

A 
pre-contemplarion
contemplation
preparation
action
maintenance 
relapse
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10
Q

why people smoke?

A

nicotine addiction
stress
socialising
fear of weight gain

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11
Q

help someone quit smoking?

A

NHS helpline
nicotine replacement therapy
pharmacological - champix

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12
Q

Public Health initiatives to stop smoking

A

smoking ban

increased taxation

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13
Q

screening programmes

A

AAA
breast cancer
antenatal and new born screening

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14
Q

Wilson and jugner screening criteria

A

must be an important health problem
natural history of condition must be known
cost effective
on going process and not on a one-off basis
test should be acceptable to population
should be an accepted treatment for the disease

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15
Q

most important thing to tell patient who is positive for screening

A

not diagnostic

PPV

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16
Q

BMI formula

A

weight (KG)/ height (m) 2

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17
Q

BMI ranges

A 
<18.5 underweight 
18.5 - 24.9 good weight
25 - 29.9 overweight
30 - 34.9 type 1 obese 
35 - 39.9 type 2 obese
40 or more type 3 obese
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18
Q

physical factors causing obesity

A

tv remotes, driving, lifts instead of stairs

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19
Q

socio-cultural factors contributing to obesity

A

sugary drinks
longer working hours
americanisation of diet and society

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20
Q

economic factors contributing to obesity

A

greater income inequality and social inequality

expensive fruit and veg/ cheap junk foods

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21
Q

obesity lifestyle changes

A

smaller portion sizes
cost-conscious purchasing habits
walking instead of driving
less consumerist and less unequal

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22
Q

primary prevention

A

reduce or climate exposures and behaviours that are known to increase an individual’s risk of developing a disease

23
Q

secondary prevention

A

to detect early disease and slow down or halt the progress of the disease

24
Q

tertiary prevention

A

once disease is established, detectable and symptomatic, this aims to reduce the complications or severity of disease by offering appropriate treatments or interventions

25
Q

what is a nutritional assessment tool

A

MUST tool

26
Q

how to reduce malnutrition in hospitals

A

protected meal times
ward staff food aware
red tray system

27
Q

what is distress

A

a negative stress which is damaging and harmful

28
Q

what is eustress

A

a positive stress which is beneficial and motivating

29
Q

what are the 5 responses to stress

A 
biochemical
physiological 
behavioural 
cognitive
emotional
30
Q

management of stress?

A

exercise
meditation
CBT
medications

31
Q

complications of stress

A

hypertension
anxiety
peptic ulcers
IBS and IBD

32
Q

what is opportunity cost

A

this is the next best alternative forgone

33
Q

economic efficiency

A

using your limited resources to maximise benefit

34
Q

economic evaluation

A

measure of how much economic efficiency has been achieved- assess whether benefit is maximised

35
Q

how can economics evaluation can be calculated

A

cost-effectiveness analysis
cost-utility analysis
cost-benefit analysis

36
Q

what is cost-effectiveness analysis

A

outcomes measure in natural units e.g. incremental cost per life year gained

37
Q

what is cost-utility analysis

A

outcomes.measured in quality adjusted life years e.g. incremental cost per QALY gained

38
Q

what is cost benefit analysis

A

outcomes measured in monetary units e.g. net monetary benefit

39
Q

what is a systematic review

A

a review of a clearly formulated question that uses systematic methods to critically appraise evidence and to collect data from the studies that are included in the review

40
Q

what is a meta-analysis

A

the use if stats in systematic reviews

41
Q

what is blinding

A

participants and/or investigators unaware of group allocation

42
Q

disadvantages or RCT

A

v expensive
v time consuming
drop out

43
Q

what does PICO stand for

A

Population
Intervention
Comparator
Outcome

44
Q

purpose of critical appraisal

A

to assess and consider
validity
reliability
applicability

45
Q

sensitivity

A

proportion of those with disease who are correctly identified by the screening test

46
Q

specificity

A

proportion of people without disease who are correctly excluded by the screening test

47
Q

positive predictive value

A

proportion of people with a positive test who actually have a disease

48
Q

negative predictive value

A

proportion of people with a negative test result who dont have the disease

49
Q

what is relative risk

A

ratio of risk exposed/unexposed

50
Q

absolute risk

A

actual risk of disease occurring in a stated time period

51
Q

incidence

A

no of new cases in a given time

52
Q

prevalence

A

no of existing cases at a point in time

53
Q

3 situations where you can break confidentiality

A

court order
In public interest
patient consent

Public Health Main Points (1 decks)

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