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AZ-400 DevOps > Main > Flashcards

Main Flashcards

1
Q

What is GitHub Flow?

A

A lightweight branching strategy where changes are made through feature branches and merged after approval through pull requests

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2
Q

What are the benefits of trunk-based development?

A

Reduced merge complexity

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3
Q

What is a feature branch strategy?

A

A branching strategy where developers create branches for new features and merge them back when complete

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4
Q

What is Azure Boards?

A

A service in Azure DevOps that provides a complete set of agile tools to support planning and tracking work

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5
Q

How can you integrate GitHub repositories with Azure Boards?

A

By connecting Azure Boards to GitHub using the GitHub connection feature and linking work items to GitHub commits and pull requests

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6
Q

What is cycle time metric in DevOps?

A

measures the time it takes for your team to complete work items once they begin actively working on them.

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7
Q

What does lead time measure in DevOps?

A

measures the total time elapsed from the creation of work items to their completion

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8
Q

What is time to recovery in DevOps metrics?

A

The time it takes to recover from a failure or incident

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9
Q

How can you design a dashboard for flow of work visualization?

A

By including widgets that show cycle times

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10
Q

What metrics are important for project planning in DevOps?

A

Metrics like velocity

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11
Q

What development metrics should be tracked in a DevOps environment?

A

Metrics like code coverage

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12
Q

What testing metrics are critical for DevOps practices?

A

Metrics like test pass rate

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13
Q

What security metrics should be included in DevOps dashboards?

A

Metrics like vulnerability count

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14
Q

What delivery metrics are important in DevOps?

A

Metrics like deployment frequency

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15
Q

What operations metrics should be tracked in a DevOps environment?

A

Metrics like system availability

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16
Q

What is the purpose of a wiki in Azure DevOps or GitHub?

A

To document project information

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17
Q

How can Markdown be used effectively in project documentation?

A

By using its syntax for headers

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18
Q

What is Mermaid syntax used for in documentation?

A

For creating diagrams like flowcharts

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19
Q

What should be included in release documentation?

A

Information about new features

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20
Q

What is API documentation and why is it important?

A

Documentation that describes how to use an API

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21
Q

How can documentation be automated from Git history?

A

By using tools that generate changelogs or release notes based on commit messages and tags

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22
Q

What are webhooks in DevOps?

A

Mechanisms that allow systems to notify other systems about events as they occur

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23
Q

How can webhooks be used to integrate different tools in a DevOps workflow?

A

By configuring them to trigger actions in one system when events occur in another system

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24
Q

How can Microsoft Teams be integrated with Azure DevOps?

A

Through the Azure DevOps connector in Microsoft Teams

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25
Q

What benefits does integrating Microsoft Teams with GitHub provide?

A

It enables teams to receive notifications

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26
Q

How can you configure Azure Boards and GitHub repositories integration?

A

By installing the Azure Boards app for GitHub and configuring the connection in Azure DevOps project settings

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27
Q

What is the purpose of process diagrams in project documentation?

A

To visually represent workflows

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28
Q

What is trunk-based development?

A

A source control branching model where developers integrate changes directly to a single branch called ‘trunk’ or ‘main’

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29
Q

When should you use a release branch strategy?

A

When you need to maintain multiple versions of software in production simultaneously

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30
Q

What is a pull request in GitHub?

A

A mechanism to notify team members about changes pushed to a repository and request code review

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31
Q

How do branch policies in Azure Repos help maintain code quality?

A

By enforcing requirements like code reviews

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32
Q

What are branch protections in GitHub?

A

Rules that control who can push to branches and what conditions must be met before branches can be merged

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33
Q

How can you implement branch merging restrictions in GitHub?

A

By configuring branch protection rules in repository settings

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34
Q

What is the purpose of requiring pull request approvals?

A

To ensure code changes are reviewed before they are merged into protected branches

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35
Q

What is Git Large File Storage (LFS)?

A

An extension to Git that replaces large files with text pointers while storing the file contents on a remote server

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36
Q

When should you use Git LFS?

A

When your repository contains large binary files like images

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37
Q

What is git-fat and how does it differ from Git LFS?

A

Git-fat is an alternative to Git LFS that manages large files by storing references to them; it’s more manual but can be more flexible

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38
Q

What is Scalar in Git?

A

A tool that optimizes Git for large repositories by reducing the amount of data fetched and improving performance

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39
Q

How can cross-repository sharing improve source control management?

A

By allowing code reuse across multiple repositories without duplication

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40
Q

What permission levels can be configured in Azure Repos?

A

Permissions like Read

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41
Q

How are permissions managed in GitHub repositories?

A

Through repository roles like read

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42
Q

What is the purpose of tagging in Git?

A

To mark specific points in a repository’s history as important

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43
Q

How can you use tagging to organize a source control repository?

A

By creating semantic version tags for releases and descriptive tags for significant milestones

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44
Q

How can you recover specific data using Git commands?

A

By using commands like git checkout

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45
Q

How do you remove sensitive data from a Git repository?

A

By using tools like git filter-branch or BFG Repo-Cleaner to rewrite history and remove the sensitive content

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46
Q

What is a package registry in DevOps?

A

A centralized repository for storing and distributing software packages

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47
Q

What is GitHub Packages registry?

A

A package hosting service integrated with GitHub that allows publishing and consuming packages within GitHub

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48
Q

What is Azure Artifacts?

A

A package management service in Azure DevOps that allows teams to share packages and integrate with CI/CD pipelines

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49
Q

What are package feeds in Azure Artifacts?

A

Collections of packages that can be shared with team members and used in build processes

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50
Q

What are feed views in Azure Artifacts?

A

Filters that control which package versions are visible and available for use

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51
Q

What is an upstream source in package management?

A

A package source that your feed connects to in order to find packages not present in your feed

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52
Q

How do upstream sources help in package management?

A

They allow you to consume packages from public sources while only storing the ones you use

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53
Q

What is semantic versioning (SemVer)?

A

A versioning system using MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH format to indicate compatibility changes

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54
Q

What do the numbers represent in semantic versioning (1.2.3)?

A

Major version (1)

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55
Q

When should you increment the major version in SemVer?

A

When you make incompatible API changes

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56
Q

When should you increment the minor version in SemVer?

A

When you add functionality in a backward-compatible manner

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57
Q

When should you increment the patch version in SemVer?

A

When you make backward-compatible bug fixes

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58
Q

What is CalVer (Calendar Versioning)?

A

A versioning convention based on release date

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59
Q

When is CalVer more appropriate than SemVer?

A

For projects with regular time-based releases or where chronology is more important than API changes

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60
Q

What is the purpose of versioning pipeline artifacts?

A

To track and identify specific builds

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61
Q

How can artifacts be versioned in Azure Pipelines?

A

By using build variables like Build.BuildNumber or custom versioning schemes

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62
Q

What are quality gates in a release pipeline?

A

Checkpoints that verify certain criteria are met before proceeding with deployment

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63
Q

What are release gates in Azure DevOps?

A

Automated pre- or post-deployment conditions that must be met to proceed with or finalize a deployment

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64
Q

How can security gates be implemented in a pipeline?

A

By integrating security scanning tools that must pass before deployment continues

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65
Q

What is a governance gate in a release pipeline?

A

A checkpoint that ensures compliance with organizational policies and standards

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66
Q

What is a comprehensive testing strategy?

A

A plan that incorporates different types of tests at various stages of development and deployment

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67
Q

What are local tests in a testing strategy?

A

Tests run by developers on their local machines before committing code

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68
Q

What are unit tests and where do they fit in a pipeline?

A

Tests for individual components or functions

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69
Q

What are integration tests in a pipeline?

A

Tests that verify different components work correctly together

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70
Q

What are load tests and when should they be implemented?

A

Tests that verify system performance under expected load

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71
Q

How can tests be implemented in Azure Pipelines?

A

By adding test tasks to pipeline definitions that run the appropriate test tools

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72
Q

What is a test agent in Azure DevOps?

A

A service that runs automated tests on behalf of the build or release pipeline

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73
Q

How can test results be integrated into a pipeline?

A

By configuring test tasks to publish results to Azure DevOps or other test reporting systems

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74
Q

What is code coverage analysis?

A

A measure of how much code is executed during tests

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75
Q

Why is code coverage important in a DevOps pipeline?

A

It helps identify untested code and potential gaps in test coverage

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76
Q

What is GitHub Actions?

A

A CI/CD platform integrated with GitHub that allows automating workflows based on GitHub events

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77
Q

What are the advantages of using GitHub Actions for deployment automation?

A

Native integration with GitHub

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78
Q

What is Azure Pipelines?

A

A cloud service in Azure DevOps that provides CI/CD capabilities for any platform and cloud

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79
Q

What factors should be considered when selecting a deployment automation solution?

A

Integration capabilities

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80
Q

What is a GitHub runner?

A

An application that runs GitHub Actions workflows

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81
Q

What is an Azure DevOps agent?

A

A software service that runs jobs in a pipeline

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82
Q

What types of GitHub runners are available?

A

GitHub-hosted runners and self-hosted runners

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83
Q

What types of Azure DevOps agents are available?

A

Microsoft-hosted agents and self-hosted agents

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84
Q

What factors should be considered when designing a runner/agent infrastructure?

A

Scalability

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85
Q

How does licensing affect agent infrastructure decisions?

A

The number of agents may be limited by license

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86
Q

How can Azure Pipelines be integrated with GitHub repositories?

A

By configuring the pipeline to use GitHub as a source and authenticating with GitHub

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87
Q

What are pipeline trigger rules?

A

Conditions that determine when a pipeline should automatically run

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88
Q

What trigger types are available in GitHub Actions?

A

push

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89
Q

What trigger types are available in Azure Pipelines?

A

CI triggers

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90
Q

What is YAML in the context of pipelines?

A

A markup language used to define pipeline configurations as code

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91
Q

What are the advantages of using YAML for pipeline definitions?

A

Version control integration

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92
Q

How can you control job execution order in a pipeline?

A

By defining dependencies between jobs using the dependsOn property

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93
Q

What is parallelism in pipeline execution?

A

Running multiple jobs or tasks simultaneously to reduce overall execution time

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94
Q

What is a multi-stage pipeline?

A

A pipeline that includes multiple distinct stages like build

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95
Q

What is a hybrid pipeline scenario?

A

A pipeline that spans multiple environments or technologies

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96
Q

What are VM templates in pipeline configuration?

A

Predefined configurations for virtual machines used in pipeline jobs

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97
Q

What are the advantages of using self-hosted runners or agents?

A

Control over the environment

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98
Q

What are YAML templates in Azure Pipelines?

A

Reusable pipeline definitions that can be included in other pipeline definitions

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99
Q

What is a task group in Azure DevOps?

A

A group of tasks bundled together for reuse across multiple pipelines

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100
Q

What are pipeline variables?

A

Named values that can be used in pipeline definitions and modified at runtime

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101
Q

What are variable groups in Azure DevOps?

A

Collections of related variables that can be used across multiple pipelines

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102
Q

What are checks in YAML-based environments?

A

Controls that verify conditions before a deployment proceeds

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103
Q

What are approvals in YAML-based environments?

A

Manual interventions required before a deployment can proceed

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104
Q

What is blue-green deployment?

A

A strategy where two identical environments exist

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105
Q

What is canary deployment?

A

A strategy where a new version is deployed to a small subset of users before full deployment

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106
Q

What is ring-based deployment?

A

A strategy where deployment occurs in expanding rings of users

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107
Q

What is progressive exposure deployment?

A

A strategy where a new version is gradually exposed to more users over time

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108
Q

What are feature flags in deployment strategy?

A

Configuration options that allow features to be enabled or disabled without redeploying

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109
Q

What is A/B testing in deployment?

A

A strategy where two versions run simultaneously to compare performance or user response

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110
Q

How can you ensure dependencies are reliably ordered in a deployment pipeline?

A

By defining dependencies between tasks

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111
Q

What is a VIP swap in deployment?

A

A technique where the virtual IP addresses of staging and production environments are swapped

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112
Q

How does load balancing minimize downtime during deployments?

A

By directing traffic away from instances being updated while maintaining service through other instances

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113
Q

What is a rolling deployment?

A

A deployment strategy where instances are updated one at a time or in small batches

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114
Q

What are deployment slots in Azure App Service?

A

Pre-deployed environments that can be swapped with the production environment to minimize downtime

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115
Q

What is a hotfix path plan?

A

A strategy for quickly addressing critical issues in production with minimal risk

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116
Q

What should be included in a resiliency strategy for deployment?

A

Rollback capabilities

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117
Q

What is Azure App Configuration Feature Manager?

A

A service that helps manage feature flags and application settings

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118
Q

How can feature flags be implemented in .NET applications?

A

Using the Microsoft.FeatureManagement libraries with Azure App Configuration

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119
Q

What types of containerized deployments can be implemented?

A

Docker containers deployed to Kubernetes

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120
Q

What are considerations for binary deployments?

A

Versioning

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121
Q

How can scripts be used effectively in deployments?

A

For environment configuration

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122
Q

What special considerations exist for database deployments?

A

Data integrity

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123
Q

What is configuration management in application infrastructure?

A

The process of systematically handling changes to a system’s configuration

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124
Q

What configuration management technologies are available for infrastructure?

A

Ansible

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125
Q

What factors should be considered when choosing a configuration management technology?

A

Platform support

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126
Q

What is Infrastructure as Code (IaC)?

A

The practice of managing infrastructure through code rather than manual processes

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127
Q

What are the benefits of using Infrastructure as Code?

A

Consistency

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128
Q

How does source control integrate with Infrastructure as Code?

A

By storing infrastructure code in repositories and applying the same practices used for application code

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129
Q

What is desired state configuration?

A

A declarative model that specifies the desired end state of the infrastructure

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130
Q

What is Azure Automation State Configuration?

A

An Azure service that provides PowerShell DSC as a cloud service

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131
Q

What is Azure Resource Manager (ARM)?

A

A deployment and management service for Azure that provides a management layer to create

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132
Q

What is Bicep in Azure?

A

A domain-specific language that simplifies the authoring of ARM templates

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133
Q

What is Azure Automanage Machine Configuration?

A

A service that helps maintain and enforce configuration compliance on Azure VMs

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134
Q

What are Azure Deployment Environments?

A

Preconfigured environments that developers can spin up on demand for development and testing

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135
Q

How do Azure Deployment Environments support self-deployment?

A

By providing templates that developers can deploy without requiring operations involvement

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136
Q

How can pipeline health be monitored?

A

By tracking metrics like failure rate

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137
Q

What is a flaky test in pipeline context?

A

A test that sometimes passes and sometimes fails without code changes

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138
Q

How can a pipeline be optimized for cost?

A

By reducing build time

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139
Q

How can a pipeline be optimized for time?

A

By parallelizing jobs

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140
Q

How can a pipeline be optimized for performance?

A

By using faster hardware

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141
Q

How can a pipeline be optimized for reliability?

A

By implementing retry mechanisms

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142
Q

What is pipeline concurrency?

A

The number of pipeline jobs that can run simultaneously

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143
Q

How does pipeline concurrency affect performance?

A

Higher concurrency allows more jobs to run in parallel

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144
Q

How does pipeline concurrency affect cost?

A

Higher concurrency typically requires more agents or runners

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145
Q

What should be considered in a retention strategy for pipeline artifacts?

A

Storage costs

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146
Q

What are pipeline dependencies and how should they be managed?

A

External resources the pipeline depends on

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147
Q

What is the difference between classic and YAML pipelines in Azure DevOps?

A

Classic pipelines use a UI-based editor

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148
Q

What are the steps to migrate from classic to YAML pipelines?

A

Export the classic pipeline to YAML

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149
Q

What is a Service Principal in Azure?

A

An identity created for use with applications

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150
Q

What is a Managed Identity in Azure?

A

A feature of Azure AD that provides Azure services with an automatically managed identity in Azure AD

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151
Q

What is the difference between system-assigned and user-assigned Managed Identity?

A

System-assigned is tied to a specific resource and deleted when the resource is deleted

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152
Q

When would you choose a Service Principal over a Managed Identity?

A

When you need to access Azure resources from outside of Azure or need more control over the credentials lifecycle

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153
Q

When would you choose a Managed Identity over a Service Principal?

A

When the application runs in Azure and you want simplified credential management

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154
Q

What are GitHub Apps in the context of authentication?

A

Applications that can be installed directly on organizations and repositories providing specific permissions

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155
Q

What is GITHUB_TOKEN?

A

An automatically generated token provided to GitHub Actions workflows for authentication

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156
Q

What are GitHub personal access tokens?

A

Tokens that function like passwords for authenticating to GitHub via API or command line

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157
Q

What are the security considerations when using GitHub personal access tokens?

A

They have broad permissions tied to your account

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158
Q

What is an Azure DevOps service connection?

A

A way to connect Azure DevOps to external services and subscriptions

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159
Q

What are Azure DevOps personal access tokens used for?

A

Authenticating to Azure DevOps APIs and services from scripts or tools

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160
Q

What permissions can be configured in GitHub?

A

Repository permissions

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161
Q

How are roles implemented in GitHub?

A

Through repository roles like read

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162
Q

What are security groups in Azure DevOps?

A

Collections of users that can be assigned specific sets of permissions

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163
Q

What are the built-in security groups in Azure DevOps?

A

Groups like Project Administrators

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164
Q

What is the difference between basic and stakeholder access in Azure DevOps?

A

Basic provides full access to Azure DevOps features

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165
Q

What is outside collaborator access in GitHub?

A

A role for users who aren’t members of an organization but have access to specific repositories

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166
Q

How can you configure projects in Azure DevOps?

A

Through the organization settings

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167
Q

How are teams configured in Azure DevOps?

A

Through project settings

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168
Q

What is Azure Key Vault?

A

A cloud service for securely storing and accessing secrets like keys

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169
Q

How can Azure Key Vault be used in automation?

A

By integrating it with pipelines to securely retrieve secrets during runtime

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170
Q

How are secrets managed in GitHub Actions?

A

Through repository or organization-level secrets that are encrypted and injected as environment variables

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171
Q

How are secrets managed in Azure Pipelines?

A

Through variable groups

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172
Q

What are Azure Pipelines secure files?

A

Files that contain sensitive information and are encrypted at rest

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173
Q

What strategy should be implemented for managing sensitive files during deployment?

A

Using secure files

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174
Q

How can pipelines be designed to prevent leakage of sensitive information?

A

By limiting log verbosity

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175
Q

What is security scanning in DevOps?

A

Automated analysis of code and infrastructure to identify security vulnerabilities

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176
Q

What is dependency scanning?

A

Analyzing application dependencies for known vulnerabilities

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177
Q

What is code scanning?

A

Analyzing source code for security vulnerabilities and coding errors

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178
Q

What is secret scanning?

A

Detection of secrets like API keys or credentials committed to repositories

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179
Q

What is license scanning?

A

Analyzing code dependencies to identify their licenses and potential compliance issues

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180
Q

What is Microsoft Defender for Cloud DevOps Security?

A

A service that provides security scanning for DevOps environments

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181
Q

What is GitHub Advanced Security?

A

A suite of security features including code scanning

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182
Q

How can GitHub Advanced Security be configured for Azure DevOps?

A

By enabling it in project settings and configuring the scanning features

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183
Q

How can GitHub Advanced Security be integrated with Microsoft Defender for Cloud?

A

By connecting GitHub repositories to Defender for Cloud for unified security monitoring

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184
Q

What is container scanning?

A

Analyzing container images for vulnerabilities in the operating system and application layers

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185
Q

How can container image scanning be automated in a pipeline?

A

By integrating vulnerability scanning tools as pipeline tasks

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186
Q

How can CodeQL analysis be configured to run in a container?

A

By using Docker actions in GitHub Actions or container jobs in Azure Pipelines

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187
Q

What is Dependabot in GitHub?

A

A security feature that automatically detects vulnerable dependencies and creates pull requests to update them

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188
Q

How do Dependabot alerts work?

A

They notify you when vulnerabilities are found in your dependencies

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189
Q

How can Dependabot be used to analyze licensing of open-source components?

A

By configuring it to check for license compliance as part of dependency scanning

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190
Q

What is Azure Monitor?

A

A comprehensive solution for collecting

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191
Q

What is Log Analytics?

A

A tool in Azure Monitor for editing and running log queries on data collected by Azure Monitor

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192
Q

How can Azure Monitor be integrated with DevOps tools?

A

Through monitoring agents

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193
Q

What is Application Insights?

A

A feature of Azure Monitor that provides application performance monitoring and user behavior analytics

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194
Q

What is VM Insights?

A

A feature of Azure Monitor that provides performance monitoring for virtual machines

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195
Q

What is Container Insights?

A

A feature of Azure Monitor that provides performance monitoring for container environments

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196
Q

What is Storage Insights?

A

A feature of Azure Monitor that provides monitoring for Azure Storage services

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197
Q

What is Network Insights?

A

A feature of Azure Monitor that provides monitoring for network resources and connections

198
Q

How can monitoring be configured in GitHub?

A

By enabling insights in repository settings and configuring data collection

199
Q

What are GitHub Insights?

A

Analytics tools that provide data about repository activity

200
Q

How can charts be created and configured in GitHub?

A

Through the Insights tab in repositories

201
Q

How can alerts be configured for events in GitHub Actions?

A

By setting up notification rules for workflow runs and their statuses

202
Q

How can alerts be configured for events in Azure Pipelines?

A

By creating alert rules in Azure DevOps project settings

203
Q

What are infrastructure performance indicators?

A

Metrics that show how well infrastructure components like CPU

204
Q

How can infrastructure performance indicators be inspected?

A

Through monitoring dashboards

205
Q

What metrics should be analyzed from collected telemetry?

A

Usage patterns

206
Q

What is distributed tracing?

A

A method for tracking a request as it flows through distributed systems

207
Q

How can distributed tracing be inspected using Application Insights?

A

Through the end-to-end transaction view and Application Map

208
Q

What is Kusto Query Language (KQL)?

A

A query language used to analyze data in Azure Monitor logs

209
Q

How can basic KQL queries be used to interrogate logs?

A

By writing queries to filter

210
Q

What is a metric alert in Azure Monitor?

A

An alert that triggers when a metric crosses a threshold

211
Q

What is a log alert in Azure Monitor?

A

An alert that triggers based on a log query result

212
Q

What is an activity log alert in Azure Monitor?

A

An alert that triggers when specific events occur in the Azure Activity Log

213
Q

What is a smart detection alert in Application Insights?

A

An alert that uses machine learning to detect anomalies in application behavior

214
Q

What is a Deployment Group in Azure DevOps?

A

A logical set of deployment target machines that can be used in release pipelines

215
Q

What is the primary purpose of GitHub Issues?

A

To track features

216
Q

How can you link a GitHub Issue to a pull request?

A

By using keywords like “Closes #123” or “Fixes #123” in the pull request description or commit message

217
Q

What is source traceability in DevOps?

A

The ability to track changes in source code back to their requirements or work items

218
Q

How can you implement bug traceability in Azure DevOps?

A

By linking bugs to the code changes that fix them and to the test cases that verify the fixes

219
Q

What is quality traceability?

A

The ability to track how quality assurance activities relate to requirements and code changes

220
Q

What is the purpose of integration between Azure Boards and GitHub repositories?

A

To connect work items in Azure Boards with code changes in GitHub

221
Q

How can you track the flow of work using Azure Boards?

A

By using boards

222
Q

What are the key components of effective release documentation?

A

Clear description of changes

223
Q

How can you use Markdown to create structured documentation?

A

By using headers for organization

224
Q

What is the benefit of using Mermaid syntax for process diagrams?

A

It allows diagrams to be version-controlled alongside code and renders directly in Markdown documents

225
Q

How can webhooks improve DevOps processes?

A

By enabling automation between different systems and providing real-time notifications of important events

226
Q

What metrics should be tracked to measure the effectiveness of a DevOps pipeline?

A

Deployment frequency

227
Q

How can you implement traceability between requirements and code changes?

A

By linking work items to commits

228
Q

What is the purpose of configuring team notifications in Azure DevOps?

A

To ensure team members are informed about relevant events like work item updates

229
Q

How can you use GitHub issues for managing work in a DevOps environment?

A

By creating

230
Q

What information should be captured in bug traceability?

A

Steps to reproduce

231
Q

How can you track quality throughout the development lifecycle?

A

By linking requirements to test cases

232
Q

What is the difference between git reset and git revert?

A

Git reset changes the state of the branch pointer

233
Q

What is a good branching strategy for continuous delivery?

A

Trunk-based development or a simplified feature branch workflow with short-lived branches

234
Q

How can you enforce code quality in a branch strategy?

A

By implementing branch policies that require successful builds

235
Q

What is the purpose of branch policies in Azure DevOps?

A

To enforce quality control processes before changes can be merged into protected branches

236
Q

How can you manage long-running feature branches effectively?

A

By regularly merging changes from the main branch to avoid integration issues later

237
Q

What is the advantage of using pull requests for code integration?

A

They provide a structured process for code review

238
Q

How can you implement a hotfix branch strategy?

A

By creating branches from production tags

239
Q

What is the purpose of branch naming conventions?

A

To provide clarity about the purpose of branches and organize them logically

240
Q

How can you manage release branches in a continuous delivery environment?

A

By creating them only when needed for release stabilization and merging hotfixes back to the main branch

241
Q

What are the key considerations when designing a branching strategy?

242
Q

How can you use Git tags to mark release points?

A

By creating annotated tags with version numbers at stable points in the repository history

243
Q

What is the difference between lightweight and annotated tags in Git?

A

Lightweight tags are simple pointers to commits

244
Q

How can you use Git hooks to enforce branching policies?

A

By implementing pre-receive hooks that validate branch names

245
Q

What strategy should be used for managing dependencies across repositories?

A

Using package management

246
Q

How can you implement a one-way integration branch strategy?

A

By merging changes from a source branch to a target branch without merging back

247
Q

What is the purpose of squash merging in pull requests?

A

To combine all commits from a feature branch into a single commit in the target branch

248
Q

How can you enforce linear history in a Git repository?

A

By requiring fast-forward merges or rebase before merge in branch policies

249
Q

What is the difference between merge and rebase in Git?

A

Merge preserves history but creates a merge commit

250
Q

How can you manage a repository with multiple release versions?

A

By maintaining separate release branches for each supported version and applying fixes to all relevant branches

251
Q

What is the purpose of a .gitignore file?

A

To specify files and directories that Git should ignore and not track

252
Q

How can you clean up stale branches in a Git repository?

A

By regularly reviewing and deleting branches that have been merged or are no longer needed

253
Q

What is a monorepo and when should it be used?

A

A single repository containing multiple projects; useful when projects are tightly coupled and need to be versioned together

254
Q

What are the challenges of using a monorepo strategy?

A

Repository size

255
Q

How can you implement a multi-repo strategy effectively?

A

By using package management for dependencies

256
Q

What is the purpose of Git references (refs)?

A

To provide human-readable names for commits

257
Q

How can you use Git submodules for cross-repository sharing?

A

By including one repository inside another at a specific path and commit

258
Q

What is the purpose of Git worktrees?

A

To check out multiple branches simultaneously into separate working directories

259
Q

How can you optimize Git performance for large repositories?

A

By using shallow clones

260
Q

What is the benefit of using signed commits and tags?

A

To verify the authenticity of commits and ensure they came from trusted contributors

261
Q

How can you enforce repository governance through branch protections?

A

By requiring signed commits

262
Q

What is a CI trigger in Azure Pipelines?

A

A configuration that causes a pipeline to run whenever changes are pushed to specific branches

263
Q

What is a PR trigger in Azure Pipelines?

A

A configuration that causes a pipeline to run when a pull request is created or updated

264
Q

What is a scheduled trigger in Azure Pipelines?

A

A configuration that causes a pipeline to run at specified times

265
Q

What is a pipeline trigger in Azure Pipelines?

A

A configuration that causes a pipeline to run when another pipeline completes

266
Q

What is a workflow in GitHub Actions?

A

A configurable automated process defined in YAML that runs one or more jobs

267
Q

What is a job in GitHub Actions?

A

A set of steps that execute on the same runner

268
Q

What is an action in GitHub Actions?

A

A custom application that performs a complex but frequently repeated task

269
Q

What is a step in GitHub Actions?

A

An individual task that can run commands or actions

270
Q

What are artifacts in Azure Pipelines?

A

Files or packages produced by a build or used by a release

271
Q

How can artifacts be shared between jobs in a pipeline?

A

By publishing them from one job and downloading them in another

272
Q

What is a service connection in Azure DevOps?

A

A connection to an external service or endpoint used by pipelines

273
Q

What is an environment in Azure Pipelines?

A

A collection of resources that can be targeted by deployments

274
Q

What is continuous integration in the context of pipelines?

A

The practice of automatically building and testing code changes when they are committed

275
Q

What is continuous delivery in the context of pipelines?

A

The practice of automatically deploying code changes to staging environments after passing tests

276
Q

What is continuous deployment in the context of pipelines?

A

The practice of automatically deploying code changes to production after passing tests

277
Q

What is a build definition in Azure DevOps?

A

A specification for a build process in classic pipelines

278
Q

What is a release definition in Azure DevOps?

A

A specification for a release process in classic pipelines

279
Q

What is a pipeline template in Azure DevOps?

A

A reusable pipeline definition that can be shared across teams or projects

280
Q

What is a pipeline parameter?

A

A value that can be passed to a pipeline when it is triggered

281
Q

What are runtime parameters in Azure Pipelines?

A

Parameters whose values are provided when the pipeline is run

282
Q

What are template parameters in Azure Pipelines?

A

Parameters that are defined in a template and provided when the template is used

283
Q

What is a deployment job in Azure Pipelines?

A

A job that deploys artifacts to an environment

284
Q

What is a container job in Azure Pipelines?

A

A job that runs inside a container

285
Q

What is a deployment target in Azure DevOps?

A

A machine or service where applications are deployed

286
Q

What is a deployment strategy in Azure Pipelines?

A

A specification for how a deployment should be performed

287
Q

What is a stage in Azure Pipelines?

A

A logical division in a pipeline that groups related jobs

288
Q

What is a gates-enabled pipeline in Azure DevOps?

A

A pipeline that uses pre- or post-deployment gates to control deployments

289
Q

What is a release trigger in Azure DevOps?

A

A condition that causes a release to be created

290
Q

What is a manual intervention task in Azure Pipelines?

A

A task that pauses a pipeline and waits for human approval

291
Q

What is a deployment group job in Azure Pipelines?

A

A job that runs on machines in a deployment group

292
Q

What is a service hook in Azure DevOps?

A

An integration point that can trigger external services when events occur

293
Q

What is a task in Azure Pipelines?

A

A unit of work in a pipeline

294
Q

What is a pool in Azure Pipelines?

A

A collection of agents that can run jobs

295
Q

What is a pipeline cache in Azure DevOps?

A

A way to reuse files between runs to speed up builds

296
Q

What is a pipeline artifact in Azure DevOps?

A

A file or set of files published from a pipeline for use in subsequent stages or other pipelines

297
Q

What is a pipeline decorator in Azure DevOps?

A

A way to automatically inject tasks into all pipelines in an organization

298
Q

What is a release environment in Azure DevOps?

A

A logical grouping of release targets where application components are deployed

299
Q

What is a pre-deployment approval in Azure DevOps?

A

An approval required before a deployment to an environment can start

300
Q

What is a post-deployment approval in Azure DevOps?

A

An approval required after a deployment to an environment completes

301
Q

What is a build policy in Azure DevOps?

A

A policy that requires a successful build before changes can be merged

302
Q

What is a release pipeline in Azure DevOps?

A

A definition of the release process for an application

303
Q

What is a deployment phase in Azure DevOps?

A

A logical grouping of deployment tasks that are run together

304
Q

What is a pipeline variable group?

A

A set of related variables that can be used across multiple pipelines

305
Q

What is a secret variable in Azure Pipelines?

A

A variable that stores sensitive information and is encrypted

306
Q

What is a variable substitution in Azure Pipelines?

A

The process of replacing tokens in files with variable values

307
Q

What is a variable expression in Azure Pipelines?

A

A syntax for referencing variables and functions in pipeline definitions

308
Q

What is a template expression in Azure Pipelines?

A

A syntax for evaluating expressions in YAML templates

309
Q

What is a pipeline resource in Azure Pipelines?

A

An external resource that can be consumed in a pipeline

310
Q

What is a pipeline trigger in GitHub Actions?

A

An event that causes a workflow to run

311
Q

What is a matrix strategy in Azure Pipelines?

A

A way to run the same job multiple times with different input values

312
Q

What is a deployment pattern?

A

A reusable approach to deploying applications that addresses common challenges

313
Q

What is a blue-green deployment pattern?

A

A pattern where two identical environments exist and traffic is switched between them

314
Q

What is a canary deployment pattern?

A

A pattern where a new version is deployed to a small subset of users before wider deployment

315
Q

What is a rolling deployment pattern?

A

A pattern where instances are updated one at a time or in small batches

316
Q

What is a feature toggle pattern?

A

A pattern where features can be enabled or disabled without redeploying

317
Q

What is an environment-based deployment pattern?

A

A pattern where code progresses through a series of environments from development to production

318
Q

What is a hybrid deployment pattern?

A

A pattern that combines multiple deployment approaches for different components

319
Q

What is a deployment slot in Azure App Service?

A

A separate instance of an app that can be swapped with the production slot

320
Q

What is a slot swap in Azure App Service?

A

The process of exchanging content and configuration between deployment slots

321
Q

What is a phased deployment?

A

A deployment that occurs in stages

322
Q

What is a canary release?

A

A technique for reducing risk by slowly rolling out changes to a small subset of users before a full deployment

323
Q

What is a dark launch?

A

A technique where new features are deployed to production but not visible to users until enabled

324
Q

What is a feature flag system?

A

A system that allows features to be toggled on or off without redeploying code

325
Q

What is progressive delivery?

A

An approach to deploying applications that involves gradually rolling out changes to reduce risk

326
Q

What is a rollback plan in deployment strategy?

A

A predefined approach to reverting to a previous version if problems are detected

327
Q

What is a circuit breaker pattern in deployments?

A

A pattern that monitors for failures and prevents operation when a failure rate threshold is reached

328
Q

What is a zero-downtime deployment?

A

A deployment strategy that ensures services remain available throughout the deployment process

329
Q

What is a deployment orchestrator?

A

A system that coordinates complex deployments across multiple services or environments

330
Q

What is an immutable infrastructure deployment?

A

A strategy where infrastructure is never modified after deployment

331
Q

What is Phoenix deployment?

A

A practice of regularly rebuilding servers from scratch to ensure consistency and reduce configuration drift

332
Q

What is a deployment manifest?

A

A file that describes how an application should be deployed

333
Q

What is a deployment pipeline?

A

A sequence of stages through which code changes flow from development to production

334
Q

What is GitOps?

A

A way of implementing Continuous Deployment where Git is the single source of truth for infrastructure and application configuration

335
Q

What is ArgoCD?

A

A GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes

336
Q

What is Flux CD?

A

A GitOps operator for Kubernetes that ensures clusters are configured according to git repositories

337
Q

What is Jenkins?

A

An open-source automation server commonly used for building

338
Q

What is Octopus Deploy?

A

A deployment automation server designed for .NET applications

339
Q

What is Terraform?

A

An open-source infrastructure as code tool for provisioning and managing cloud infrastructure

340
Q

What is Chef?

A

A configuration management tool that uses a pure Ruby DSL for writing system configuration “recipes”

341
Q

What is Puppet?

A

A configuration management tool that uses a declarative language to define system configuration

342
Q

What is Ansible?

A

A configuration management and application deployment tool that uses YAML syntax

343
Q

What is Azure Policy?

A

A service in Azure that evaluates resources against defined rules

344
Q

What is Azure Bicep?

A

A domain-specific language for deploying Azure resources declaratively

345
Q

What is Bicep registry?

A

A repository for storing and sharing Bicep modules

346
Q

What is a module in Bicep?

A

A reusable unit of Bicep code that can be shared and consumed in other Bicep files

347
Q

What is parameter file in ARM templates?

A

A file that provides parameter values for an ARM template

348
Q

What is nested template in ARM?

A

A template that is called from another template

349
Q

What is linked template in ARM?

A

A template that is referenced from another template but stored separately

350
Q

What is template spec in Azure?

A

A type of resource that enables storing ARM templates in Azure for reuse

351
Q

What is resource locks in Azure?

A

A setting that prevents resources from being deleted or modified

352
Q

What is tagging in Azure resource deployment?

A

A way to add metadata to resources for organization and management

353
Q

What is Azure RBAC in the context of IaC?

A

Role-Based Access Control that defines who can create

354
Q

What is a deployment history in Azure?

A

A record of all deployments performed on a resource group

355
Q

What is an Azure Deployment Stack?

A

A way to deploy and manage related resources as a single entity

356
Q

What is ARM template What-If operation?

A

A preview of the changes that would be made by deploying an ARM template

357
Q

What is Azure Deployment Manager?

A

A service that enables staged rollout of ARM template deployments

358
Q

What is Azure Policy as Code?

A

The practice of defining Azure policies in source-controlled code

359
Q

What is Kubernetes manifest?

A

A YAML file that describes desired state for Kubernetes resources

360
Q

What is Helm in Kubernetes?

A

A package manager for Kubernetes that helps install and manage applications

361
Q

What is Kustomize?

A

A tool for customizing Kubernetes resource configurations

362
Q

What is a Kubernetes Operator?

A

A method of packaging

363
Q

What is a Kubernetes Job?

A

A controller that creates pods and ensures they complete successfully

364
Q

What is a Kubernetes CronJob?

A

A job that runs on a time-based schedule

365
Q

What is a Kubernetes ConfigMap?

A

A Kubernetes resource for storing configuration data as key-value pairs

366
Q

What is a Kubernetes Secret?

A

A Kubernetes resource for storing sensitive information

367
Q

What is a Kubernetes Service?

A

A resource that defines a logical set of pods and a policy to access them

368
Q

What is a Kubernetes Ingress?

A

A resource that manages external access to services in a cluster

369
Q

What is a Kubernetes Namespace?

A

A virtual cluster within a physical cluster

370
Q

What is a Kubernetes DaemonSet?

A

A controller that ensures all nodes run a copy of a pod

371
Q

What is a Kubernetes StatefulSet?

A

A controller that manages stateful applications

372
Q

What is a Kubernetes ReplicaSet?

A

A controller that ensures a specified number of pod replicas are running

373
Q

What is a Kubernetes Deployment?

A

A controller that provides declarative updates for pods and replica sets

374
Q

What is a Helm Chart?

A

A package of pre-configured Kubernetes resources

375
Q

What is a Helm Repository?

A

A storage location for Helm charts

376
Q

What is Azure Key Vault integration in pipelines?

A

The use of Azure Key Vault to securely store and retrieve secrets during pipeline execution

377
Q

What is a deployment approval?

A

A manual intervention required before a deployment can proceed

378
Q

What is a branch filter in pipeline triggers?

A

A specification of which branches should trigger a pipeline

379
Q

What is a path filter in pipeline triggers?

A

A specification of which file paths should trigger a pipeline

380
Q

What is a conditional task in pipelines?

A

A task that only runs when specific conditions are met

381
Q

What is an on-demand pipeline?

A

A pipeline that must be manually triggered rather than running automatically

382
Q

What is a manual validation task?

A

A task that pauses the pipeline until someone manually confirms it should continue

383
Q

What is an agentless job in Azure Pipelines?

A

A job that runs on the Azure DevOps service rather than requiring an agent

384
Q

What is a container registry in deployment pipelines?

A

A repository for storing and distributing container images

385
Q

What is a package feed in Azure Artifacts?

A

A repository for storing and distributing packages

386
Q

What is a universal package in Azure Artifacts?

A

A package type that can store any file type and is not tied to a specific package format

387
Q

What is a feed view in Azure Artifacts?

A

A way to filter which package versions are visible to consumers

388
Q

What is a package promotion in Azure Artifacts?

A

The process of moving a package from one view to another

389
Q

What is a package retention policy?

A

A policy that determines how long packages are kept before being deleted

390
Q

What is a private agent in Azure DevOps?

A

A self-hosted build agent running on hardware you provide

391
Q

What is a scale set agent in Azure DevOps?

A

A build agent that runs on Azure virtual machine scale sets

392
Q

What is a container job in GitHub Actions?

A

A job that runs inside a Docker container

393
Q

What is a service container in GitHub Actions?

A

A Docker container that provides a service needed by the workflow

394
Q

What is a job output in GitHub Actions?

A

A set of values that can be passed from one job to another

395
Q

What is an environment variable in pipelines?

A

A variable that sets the environment for processes running in the pipeline

396
Q

What is a secret in GitHub Actions?

A

A encrypted variable for storing sensitive information

397
Q

What is a self-hosted runner group in GitHub?

A

A way to organize self-hosted runners into groups with specific access controls

398
Q

What is a runner label in GitHub Actions?

A

A way to target workflows to specific runners

399
Q

What is a deployment environment in GitHub?

A

A named environment that receives deployments from GitHub Actions

400
Q

What is a protected environment in GitHub?

A

An environment that has protection rules like required reviewers

401
Q

What is a deployment protection rule in GitHub?

A

A rule that must be satisfied before a deployment to an environment can proceed

402
Q

What is a deployment branch policy in GitHub?

A

A policy that restricts which branches can deploy to an environment

403
Q

What is a required repository in a GitHub environment?

A

A repository that must be present for a deployment to succeed

404
Q

What is a review environments in DevOps?

A

An environment created for reviewing changes before they go to production

405
Q

What is a validation testing in deployment?

A

Testing performed to validate that a deployment was successful

406
Q

What is the role of audit logging in a security plan?

A

To track who did what and when for security investigations and compliance

407
Q

What is a custom dashboard in Azure Portal?

A

A personalized view of Azure resources and metrics for monitoring

408
Q

What is a workbook in Azure Monitor?

A

An interactive document that combines text

409
Q

What is an action group in Azure Monitor?

A

A collection of notification preferences that can be used by alerts

410
Q

What is diagnostic setting in Azure?

A

Configuration that defines where platform logs and metrics should be sent

411
Q

What is a Log Analytics workspace?

A

A unique environment for Azure Monitor log data with its own data repository and configuration

412
Q

What is the Azure Monitor agent?

A

A new agent that collects monitoring data from guest operating systems

413
Q

What is a data collection rule in Azure Monitor?

A

A resource that defines what data to collect and where to send it

414
Q

What is a metric in Azure Monitor?

A

A numerical value collected at regular intervals representing some aspect of a system

415
Q

What is a log in Azure Monitor?

A

A record of activity or detailed information about a resource

416
Q

What is the difference between metrics and logs in monitoring?

A

Metrics are numerical values representing system states

417
Q

What is a resource health alert?

A

An alert that triggers when the health state of an Azure resource changes

418
Q

What is an availability test in Application Insights?

A

A test that regularly checks if an application endpoint is responding

419
Q

What is a composite alert in Azure Monitor?

A

An alert that combines multiple conditions with logical operators

420
Q

What is a near real-time metric alert?

A

An alert that evaluates metrics at a high frequency

421
Q

What is a service health alert?

A

An alert that notifies when Azure service health issues might affect your resources

422
Q

What is a private link scope in Azure Monitor?

A

A resource that allows private access to Azure Monitor resources via private endpoints

423
Q

What is Azure Monitor for containers?

A

Monitoring solution for container workloads deployed to managed Kubernetes clusters

424
Q

What is Azure Monitor for VMs?

A

Monitoring solution that provides detailed performance analysis for virtual machines

425
Q

What is a query pack in Log Analytics?

A

A collection of saved queries that can be shared and managed as a group

426
Q

What is a query scope in Log Analytics?

A

The set of resources that a query runs against

427
Q

What is a failure anomaly in Application Insights?

A

An unusual increase in failed requests detected by smart detection

428
Q

What is a performance anomaly in Application Insights?

A

An unusual slowdown in response time detected by smart detection

429
Q

What is a trace span in distributed tracing?

A

A single operation or unit of work in a distributed trace

430
Q

What is correlation ID in distributed tracing?

A

A unique identifier that follows a request through different components

431
Q

What is sampling in Application Insights?

A

A technique to reduce the amount of telemetry data while maintaining statistical accuracy

432
Q

What is an exception telemetry in Application Insights?

A

Data about exceptions that occurred during application execution

433
Q

What is request telemetry in Application Insights?

A

Data about HTTP requests processed by an application

434
Q

What is dependency telemetry in Application Insights?

A

Data about calls made by an application to external components

435
Q

What is custom telemetry in Application Insights?

A

User-defined telemetry that tracks specific application events or metrics

436
Q

What is a Live Metrics Stream in Application Insights?

A

A feature that shows real-time metrics about an application

437
Q

What is an Application Map in Application Insights?

A

A visual representation of the components and dependencies in an application

438
Q

What is profiling in Application Insights?

A

Capturing detailed execution timing data to identify performance bottlenecks

439
Q

What is a Snapshot Debugger in Application Insights?

A

A feature that captures debug snapshots when exceptions occur in production

440
Q

What is a usage analysis in Application Insights?

A

Analysis of how users interact with an application

441
Q

What is a funnel analysis in Application Insights?

A

Analysis of how users progress through a multi-step process in an application

442
Q

What is a cohort analysis in Application Insights?

A

Analysis of how groups of users behave over time

443
Q

What is a user flow analysis in Application Insights?

A

Analysis of the paths users take through an application

444
Q

What is a retention analysis in Application Insights?

A

Analysis of how many users return to an application over time

445
Q

What is a user timeline in Application Insights?

A

A chronological view of a specific user’s interactions with an application

446
Q

What is an impact analysis in Application Insights?

A

Analysis of how issues affect users and business metrics

447
Q

What is a workspace-based Application Insights?

A

Application Insights that stores data in a Log Analytics workspace

448
Q

What is classic Application Insights?

A

Application Insights that stores data in its own storage

449
Q

What is a resource-centric monitoring?

A

Monitoring focused on individual resources and their performance

450
Q

What is a service-centric monitoring?

A

Monitoring focused on services and their dependencies

451
Q

What is a user-centric monitoring?

A

Monitoring focused on user experience and behavior

452
Q

What is a business-centric monitoring?

A

Monitoring focused on business metrics and outcomes

453
Q

What is a synthetic transaction monitoring?

A

Monitoring that simulates user activity to test availability and performance

454
Q

What is real user monitoring?

A

Monitoring actual user interactions with an application

455
Q

What is passive monitoring?

A

Monitoring that observes system behavior without interacting with it

456
Q

What is active monitoring?

A

Monitoring that interacts with a system to verify functionality

457
Q

What is proactive monitoring?

A

Monitoring aimed at detecting issues before they affect users

458
Q

What is reactive monitoring?

A

Monitoring aimed at detecting issues after they occur

459
Q

What is continuous monitoring?

A

Constant observation of systems to detect and address issues

460
Q

What is periodic monitoring?

A

Regular but intermittent checks of system health

461
Q

What is a monitoring dashboard?

A

A visual display of key metrics and status indicators

462
Q

What is a monitoring alert?

A

A notification triggered when monitored conditions meet defined criteria

463
Q

What is a monitoring baseline?

A

A standard set of metrics and thresholds for normal operation

464
Q

What is anomaly detection in monitoring?

A

Identification of patterns that deviate from normal behavior

465
Q

What is root cause analysis in monitoring?

A

Investigation to identify the fundamental cause of an issue

466
Q

What is a monitoring agent?

A

Software that collects data from systems and sends it to monitoring services

467
Q

What is agentless monitoring?

A

Monitoring that collects data without installing software on the monitored system

468
Q

What is log ingestion?

A

The process of collecting and storing log data

469
Q

What is log aggregation?

A

Combining log data from multiple sources for analysis

470
Q

What is log correlation?

A

Linking related log entries across different systems

471
Q

What is log parsing?

A

Extracting structured data from unstructured log entries

472
Q

What is log retention?

A

How long log data is kept before being deleted

473
Q

What is log archiving?

A

Moving older log data to cheaper storage for long-term retention

474
Q

What is a monitoring scope?

A

The boundary of what is being monitored

475
Q

What is end-to-end monitoring?

A

Monitoring that covers all components of a system from user to back-end

476
Q

What is the difference between monitoring and observability?

A

Monitoring is about tracking known issues

477
Q

What is a golden signal in monitoring?

A

Key metrics that provide the most insight into system health

478
Q

What are the four golden signals in monitoring?

479
Q

What is a service level indicator (SLI)?

A

A quantitative measure of service level

480
Q

What is a service level objective (SLO)?

A

A target value or range for an SLI

481
Q

What is a service level agreement (SLA)?

A

A contract that specifies SLOs and consequences for not meeting them

482
Q

What is an error budget in monitoring?

A

Allowed amount of downtime or errors before action is required

483
Q

What is the role of vulnerability scanning in a security plan?

A

To identify security weaknesses before they can be exploited

484
Q

What is the role of version scanning in open-source components?

A

To identify outdated dependencies that may contain security vulnerabilities

485
Q

What are the security implications of using service principals?

A

They require careful management of credentials and appropriate scope limitation

486
Q

What security measures should be implemented for self-hosted agents?

A

Network isolation

487
Q

What is the principle of least privilege in security context?

A

Granting only the minimum permissions necessary to perform required functions

488
Q

How can secrets rotation be automated in a DevOps environment?

A

Using tools like Azure Key Vault’s automatic rotation or scheduled pipeline jobs

489
Q

What is the purpose of separating duties in DevOps security?

A

To prevent a single person from having excessive control and to reduce risk of accidental or malicious actions

490
Q

How can compliance requirements be enforced in a DevOps pipeline?

A

Through automated scanning

AZ-400 DevOps (1 decks)

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