Mahāyāna, East Asian Buddhism, and Shintō (Readings)(Incomplete) Flashcards
Incomplete
1
Q
What are the preparations for a traditional Buddhist funeral procession in Sri Lanka?
A
The route is prepared by filling potholes, cutting grass and weeds, and placing flowers along the way.
2
Q
What happens at the cemetery during a traditional Buddhist funeral?
A
The body is placed in a temporary wooden structure above a funeral pyre. A service follows, including chants, prayers, and a water-pouring ritual where family and friends pour holy water from one container to another while a long prayer is chanted. The pyre is then lit, ideally by the eldest son of the deceased.
3
Q
What are the post-funeral rituals in Buddhist tradition?
A
A dharma-preaching service is held on the sixth night, followed by a dana on the seventh day. Additional memorial dana rituals occur after three months and one year, often including chanting by bhikshus and family reunions.
4
Q
How do Buddhist rituals help individuals cope with loss?
A
Through years of prayer and meditation on the inevitability of death, Buddhists develop a realistic view of the end of life. Rituals remind the living of the impermanence of all things.
4
Q
What adjustments are made when a crematorium is used instead of a pyre?
A
Some traditional ceremonies, such as the water-pouring ritual, are postponed until the seventh-day dana. Bhikshus still recite prayers over the body.
5
Q
What is vipassana meditation?
A
Vipassana, or mindfulness meditation, is a Theravada Buddhist practice focusing on breathing or other aspects of the body, emotions, or relationships to develop mindfulness.
6
Q
How is breathing used in vipassana meditation?
A
Practitioners concentrate on the sensation of air passing through the nostrils or the rising and falling of the abdomen. Breaths are usually counted in cycles of 10 to focus the mind.
7
Q
What is Vesak?
A
Vesak, or Buddha Day, is a festival celebrated on the full moon in the “rains” month, commemorating the birth, enlightenment, and parinirvana of Shakyamuni Buddha.
7
Q
What is the ultimate goal of vipassana meditation?
A
To cultivate a totally mindful way of living.
8
Q
How is Vesak celebrated in Sri Lanka?
A
Buddhists travel to see special paintings depicting Buddha’s life, listen to talks, and participate in Buddha-pujas.
9
Q
When did Mahayana Buddhism emerge?
A
Around the first century CE, becoming dominant along the Silk Road by the third or fourth century CE.
10
Q
What is the doctrine of the Three Buddha Bodies (Trikaya)?
A
The three bodies are:
-Nirmanakaya: The earthly manifestation body.
-Sambhogakaya: The heavenly body presiding over buddha-realms.
-Dharmakaya: The absolute essence of the universe.
11
Q
How does Mahayana Buddhism differ from Theravada?
A
- It allows laypeople to strive for enlightenment.
-It views Shakyamuni as one manifestation of buddhahood.
-It emphasizes bodhisattvas and supernatural assistance.
12
Q
What is the significance of the trikaya doctrine?
A
It unifies the Buddha’s manifestations and moves Mahayana towards a theistic religion, contrasting with Theravada’s view of the Buddha as an exceptional human.
12
Q
What is the Mahayana interpretation of skillful means (upaya)?
A
Teachings are provisional, tailored to an individual’s capacity to guide them toward enlightenment, like a boatman ferrying passengers across a river.
13
Q
What is the role of the Lotus Sutra in Mahayana Buddhism?
A
It emphasizes upaya and teaches that earlier teachings are provisional steps toward deeper understanding.
14
Q
How does Mahayana Buddhism view bodhisattvas?
A
Bodhisattvas are spiritually advanced beings who share their merit with those who pray for help, dedicating themselves to the salvation of all beings.
14
Q
How does Mahayana Buddhism contrast with Theravada regarding merit?
A
Mahayana teaches that merit can be transferred from bodhisattvas, while Theravada emphasizes individual effort without supernatural assistance.
15
Q
What is the bodhisattva vow?
A
A pledge to attain buddhahood and work toward the liberation of all beings.
16
Q
How does Mahayana Buddhism incorporate the lay sangha?
A
Laypeople can earn karmic merit through pilgrimages and spiritual practices, pursuing enlightenment without becoming bhikshus or bhikshunis.
16
Q
What is the Madhyamaka school’s central teaching?
A
The Madhyamaka school, founded by Nagarjuna, teaches the emptiness (shunyata) of all things and the Middle Way, rejecting all dogmatic positions about ultimate reality.
16
Q
What is the concept of merit transfer in early Buddhism?
A
Early Buddhism taught that merit (karma) is made solely by the individual and not by external agents, except for transferring merit to benefit dead relatives and all beings in rituals like the Theravada dana.
16
Q
What are “buddha-realms” in Mahayana Buddhism?
A
Buddha-realms are heavens where buddhas and bodhisattvas reside. Devotees believe they can be reborn into these realms through veneration, as emphasized in Pure Land Buddhism.
16
Q
What are key differences between Mahayana and Theravada Buddhism?
A
Mahayana differs in scriptures, views of the Buddha, efficacy of prayer, and the role of celestial figures like bodhisattvas.
16
How are bodhisattvas compared to figures in other religions?
Bodhisattvas are likened to savior figures, such as Jesus in Christianity, due to their compassionate self-sacrifice and roles as intercessors.
16
What is the practice of taking bodhisattva vows?
It involves dedicating oneself to the salvation of all beings, aiming to become a buddha while helping others, often by transferring merit or accepting rebirth in heavenly realms.
16
What is Avalokiteshvara known for?
Avalokiteshvara, originally masculine, is revered as the "Bodhisattva of Compassion" and is venerated in female form as Guanyin in China. Guanyin is believed to aid in childbirth, care for deceased infants, and help believers.
16
How does Mahayana Buddhism expand the concept of merit transfer?
In Mahayana Buddhism, buddhas and bodhisattvas are believed to transfer merit to human beings, allowing devotees to appeal to them for assistance, similar to Christians praying to saints.
16
How does Mahayana Buddhism criticize early Buddhist ambitions?
Mahayana philosophers viewed the early Buddhist focus on personal liberation (Arhatship) as self-centered, instead emphasizing altruistic goals through bodhisattva vows.
17
What is the role of Bodhisattva Manjusri in Mahayana Buddhism?
Bodhisattva Manjusri is the guardian of Buddhist wisdom, often invoked by novices for guidance and inspiration.
17
What is Bodhisattva Maitreya’s significance?
Bodhisattva Maitreya is understood as the future buddha who will turn the dharma wheel again. Devotees pray to be reborn in his era for easier enlightenment.
17
How did the Madhyamaka school divide in the sixth century?
Bhavaviveka’s Svatantrika school accepted distinctions in conventional truth, while Buddhapalita’s approach rejected independent inference, emphasizing the self-contradictory nature of all knowledge.
17
What is Nagarjuna’s paradox of samsara and nirvana?
Nagarjuna’s Madhyamaka claims that samsara (the worldly cycle) and nirvana (liberation) are dialectically identical, with no ultimate distinction between them.
17
Who was Kumarajiva?
Kumarajiva (334–414) was a translator of Buddhist texts into Chinese, introducing Madhyamaka philosophy through translations of Nagarjuna’s works.
17
What is the Sanlun school?
Sanlun, the Chinese Madhyamaka, restates Nagarjuna’s idea that everything is empty because nothing has independent reality. It emphasizes the dream-like nature of distinctions.
17
What is the significance of prajna in Mahayana Buddhism?
Prajna is a special wisdom central to enlightenment, discussed in texts like the Heart Sutra and Diamond Sutra, and highlights the emptiness of all phenomena.
18
What is the story of Jewel Brocade?
In the Sutra of Sagara, Jewel Brocade refutes patriarchal views by arguing that distinctions between male and female spiritual abilities are invalid, as true perception through Emptiness transcends such distinctions.
19
Who was Seng Zhao?
Disciple of Kumarajiva and an outstanding exponent of Madhyamaka in China.
20
What texts did Seng Zhao produce?
Three texts collectively called Zhaolun (The Treatises of Zhao).
21
What is the Middle Way in Madhyamaka?
A method to reconcile extremes and grasp the paradoxical reality that things both exist and do not exist.
22
What is tathata (thusness)?
The ultimate reality that can only be apprehended through sagely wisdom, not rational thought.
22
Who founded the Yogacara school?
Maitreyanatha, Asanga, and Vasubandhu in the late fourth century.
23
Why is it called Yogacara and Vijnanavada?
-Yogacara: Emphasis on meditation.
-Vijnanavada (Consciousness Only): Focus on the idea that external realities are unknowable, and only consciousness can be known.
24
What is alaya-vijnana (storehouse consciousness)?
A repository shaped by past karmic actions and attachments that produces the images in our consciousness.
25
How does Yogacara describe sensory impressions?
-As "seeds" that lead to acts or thoughts:
--"A seed produces a manifestation, a manifestation perfumes a seed..."
25
What is the Yogacara view on perceiver and universe?
Both exist only in the process of perceiving.
26
What are the Chinese names for Yogacara?
Weishi (“Consciousness Only”) and Faxiang (“Dharma Character”).
26
How does Yogacara differ from traditional Buddhist doctrines?
Critics argue it resembles the Hindu Atman, but Yogacara denies eternal, unchanging substance.
26
Who introduced Faxiang to China?
Xuanzang in the sixth century.
27
What inspired Xuanzang’s journey to India?
To better understand Asanga’s Compendium of Mahayana.
28
What is the significance of the Big Wild Goose Pagoda?
Built in Xi’an to house the manuscripts Xuanzang brought from India.
28
How did Faxiang influence other schools?
Influenced Neo-Confucianism and other Buddhist traditions.
29
Who is Amitabha (Amida)?
A buddha of a previous age who vowed to establish the Pure Land, a heavenly realm for salvation.
30
What are Amitabha’s 18th Vow promises?
All beings who sincerely desire rebirth in the Pure Land and think of him will be reborn there.
30
What are the three main Pure Land texts?
1.Larger Sutra on the Pure Land.
2.Smaller Sutra on the Pure Land.
3.Meditation on Amitayus Sutra.
30
What is “other power” in Pure Land Buddhism?
Reliance on Amitabha’s power of salvation rather than self-effort.
30
What is the Pure Land?
A paradise where suffering, old age, and death are unknown, and progress toward nirvana is easy.
31
What is Pure Land called in Chinese?
Jingtu; Amitabha is called Amituofo.
31
What is unique about the Pure Land’s salvation?
Based on faith in Amitabha’s compassion, not individual merit.
32
Who assists Amituofo in Jingtu?
Bodhisattvas like Guanyin (compassion).
32
What is nianfo?
Recitation of praise to Amituofo, often with prayer beads.
33
Who is Guanyin?
A bodhisattva associated with compassion, children, and protection—symbolizing worldly focus.
33
How does Jingtu differ from Indian Pure Land?
Strong focus on worldly assistance, especially through Guanyin.
34
What is Pure Land called in Japanese?
Jodo; Amitabha is called Amida.
35
What practice did Honen emphasize?
Chanting Homage to Amida Buddha mantra (nembutsu).
36
Who introduced Pure Land to Japan?
Honen (1133–1212).
37
What did Shinran teach about salvation?
Emphasized “other-power” over self-effort and salvation of the wicked through faith.
37
What is the Tannisho’s view on salvation?
Amida’s vow aims to save wicked people who rely on his power rather than their own merit.
37
What is the “cat grace” analogy?
Salvation is like a mother cat carrying her kitten, contrasting with the “monkey grace” of self-reliance.
38
How is chanting performed in Jodo?
Chanting nembutsu builds to a feverish pace during services, heightening consciousness.
39
What is the story of the Flower Sermon?
Shakyamuni Buddha held up a white lotus flower instead of giving a dharma talk, leaving everyone silent except for Kashyapa, who attained enlightenment.
40
What does the Flower Sermon symbolize?
The transmission of enlightened consciousness directly from master to disciple without the need for words or doctrines.
40
Who is Kashyapa?
Kashyapa is the disciple who experienced enlightenment during the Flower Sermon and became known as Mahakashyapa, the first patriarch of a lineage focusing on dhyana (meditation).
41
Who is Bodhidharma?
An Indian monk who brought Chan Buddhism to China in the early sixth century, known for meditating for years facing the wall of his cave.
41
How are koans used in Zen practice?
They create dilemmas that cannot be solved rationally, requiring a response from beyond logical thinking.
41
What legend is associated with Bodhidharma’s meditation?
After nine years of meditation, his legs atrophied, inspiring the creation of Daruma dolls in Japan.
41
What is a Zen koan?
A paradoxical question or statement designed to transcend rational thought and provoke enlightenment, such as “What is the sound of one hand clapping?”
42
What is significant about Shaolin Monastery?
It is the home of Chan Buddhism and many East Asian martial arts traditions.
42
What are Bodhidharma’s four lines of teaching?
-A special transmission outside of doctrines.
-Not setting up the written word as an authority.
-Pointing directly at the human heart.
-Seeing one’s nature and becoming a buddha.
42
Why is Bodhidharma’s cave important?
It’s where he practiced “wall-gazing meditation” and began teaching self-defense exercises to his students.
42
What is unique about Chan-Zen’s approach to enlightenment?
It focuses on direct transmission “outside the scriptures,” independent of words, and advocates freeing the mind from external influences.
42
What is unique about schools in Shaolin?
They combine academic studies in the morning with martial arts training in the afternoon.
42
What does “mind-to-mind transmission” mean?
Enlightenment is transmitted directly from master to disciple without reliance on texts or rational argumentation.
43
What did Bodhidharma demand from Huike?
Proof of resolve; Huike cut off his left arm and presented it to Bodhidharma.
43
What lesson did Bodhidharma teach Huike about the mind?
When Huike said he couldn’t find his mind, Bodhidharma replied, “So there, I have pacified your mind!”
43
Who was Huike?
Bodhidharma’s disciple, known for his resolve and depicted in Chan art handing his severed arm to Bodhidharma.
43
Why are Chan monasteries often located in the mountains?
The cool, dry atmosphere is believed to optimize the chances of spiritual breakthroughs.
43
Who was Huineng?
A young boy who became the sixth Chan patriarch after demonstrating profound understanding of enlightenment.
43
What was the senior disciple’s poem in the contest?
-This body is the Bodhi-tree;
-The soul is like the mirror bright;
-Take heed to keep it always clean,
-And let no dust collect upon it.
44
What analogy does the Platform Sutra use to explain the relationship between meditation and wisdom?
Meditation and wisdom are like a lamp and its light. The lamp is the substance, and the light is its function. Although they have two names, they are not separate in substance.
44
What was Huineng’s counter-poem?
-The Bodhi (True Wisdom) is not like the tree;
-The mirror bright is nowhere shining:
-As there is nothing from the first,
-Where does the dust itself collect?
44
What does Huineng’s poem signify?
It emphasizes the emptiness central to Mahayana Buddhism and a deeper understanding of enlightenment beyond traditional imagery.
44
What method did Linji’s master, Huangbo, use to teach him?
Huangbo used unexpected methods, such as delivering physical blows, to provoke breakthroughs in understanding.
44
According to the Platform Sutra, how can sentient beings save themselves?
Sentient beings must save themselves by recognizing their inherent enlightenment and adopting correct views, despite heterodox views, passions, ignorance, and delusions.
44
What teaching did Huineng spread, and where did it expand geographically?
Huineng spread the teaching of intuitive wisdom, later known as satori in Japanese. It expanded to southern China, then to Korea (Seon) and Japan (Zen).
44
Who compiled the Platform Sutra, and when was it compiled?
The Platform Sutra was attributed to the sixth Chan patriarch, Huineng, and compiled by one of his disciples in the early 700s.
44
What did the fifth patriarch give Huineng, and what advice accompanied it?
The fifth patriarch gave Huineng the robe and staff of the patriarch’s office, advising him to return to the south.
44
Who is Linji, and what is his significance in Zen Buddhism?
Linji was a ninth-century Chan monk whose training under Master Huangbo led to the founding of the Linji (Rinzai) sect, which emphasizes sudden enlightenment or satori.
45
What is a koan, and what is its purpose in Zen practice?
A koan is a paradoxical anecdote designed to defy rational understanding and force students into an intuitive, body-centered state of mind, often leading to enlightenment.
46
What are the two main Zen sects, and how do they differ in their approach?
The two main Zen sects are Linji (Rinzai) and Caodong (Soto). Linji emphasizes sudden enlightenment through koans, while Caodong emphasizes gradual enlightenment through zazen (sitting meditation).
47
What is zazen, and which Zen sect relies heavily on it?
Zazen is seated meditation focusing on posture and breathing. It is central to the Soto Zen school.
48
What is the “Joshu’s Mu” koan, and why is it significant?
“Joshu’s Mu” is a koan where Master Joshu answered “mu” (“no”) to the question, “Does a dog have buddha-nature?” It challenges the student to go beyond conventional understanding.
48
What was the breakthrough moment for Linji in his training?
Linji experienced a breakthrough when a hermit’s comment shocked him into understanding, leading him to laugh and realize the essence of Huangbo’s teaching.
49
What are the goals of Mahayana meditation?
The goals include quieting the mind, heightening mental alertness, and breaking through to a state of pure mind or buddha-mind (emptiness or shunyata).
50
How does Pure Land Buddhism differ from Mahayana practice in achieving rebirth?
In Pure Land Buddhism, rebirth is granted through the grace of Amida (Amitabha), often achieved through vision meditation, rather than through meritorious works and wisdom.
51
What is Mount Putuo, and why is it significant?
Mount Putuo is one of the four sacred mountains in Chinese Buddhism, dedicated to the bodhisattva Guanyin. It features a temple and a large Guanyin statue.
52
What story did Roshi Robert Aitken share about “Joshu’s Mu” koan training?
A student in Japan repeatedly shouted “Mu!” out of frustration, eventually achieving a breakthrough, illustrating that there is no single correct way to approach a koan.
53
What is the purpose of a koan?
To break through the confines of the rational mind and achieve a new level of consciousness.
54
What is the significance of "mu" in Joshu’s koan?
"Mu" means "no" and expresses emptiness or the state of the buddha-mind, making Joshu’s negation an affirmation.
55
How does a master guide a disciple through a koan?
By rejecting false responses until the disciple achieves an intuitive breakthrough.
56
How long might it take to master a koan?
It can take days, months, or years.
56
What are the three anniversaries of the Buddha celebrated in Mahayana countries?
His birth, enlightenment, and parinirvana.
57
What is the "all souls’ day" in China?
A day honoring the dead by burning paper boats to free "hungry ghosts."
57
What is Obon in Japan?
A feast where altars are built for offerings to dead ancestors and ghosts.
57
What happens on New Year’s Eve in Japanese Buddhism?
The temple gong is struck 108 times to symbolize forgiveness of 108 kinds of bad deeds.
58
What does "vajra" mean?
Diamond and thunderbolt, symbolizing unbreakable strength and power.
58
What is Vajrayana’s historical context?
It emerged in India during or after the 3rd century and spread to Nepal, Bhutan, Tibet, and Mongolia.
59
What are the three stages of Vajrayana training?
Hinayana: moral discipline, Mahayana: doctrinal instruction, Vajrayana: advanced teachings and practices.
60
Where are two major Vajrayana sites located in Nepal?
Swayambhunath (monkey temple) and Bodhanath (Tibetan-style stupa).
61
How are mantras used besides chanting?
Written on banners or prayer wheels, their repetition enhances spiritual benefits.
62
What does "tantric" Buddhism emphasize?
The interplay of male and female forces, symbolized by sexual union, to transcend spiritual obstacles.
62
What is the significance of mantras in Vajrayana?
Sacred syllables or phrases that evoke spiritual blessings through sound or written form.
63
What is the ultimate goal of tantric practices?
To dissolve into emptiness (shunyata) and achieve liberation from ego attachment.
63
What is the most well-known Vajrayana mantra?
"Om mani padme hum," symbolizing cosmic harmony.
63
What is a mandala in Vajrayana?
A sacred geometric design representing buddhas and bodhisattvas, used for meditation and visualization.
64
What does the father–mother image symbolize?
The union of wisdom and compassion, essential for enlightenment.
65
What are the dual aspects of deities in mandalas?
Pacific (beneficial) and angry (repelling evil forces), representing their functions.
65
What does the central figure in a Mahavairocana mandala represent?
Mahavairocana, surrounded by directional buddhas symbolizing buddhahood.
66
What do the prongs of the vajra wand represent?
Various buddhas and the power of enlightened awareness.
66
What was Vajrayana Buddhism called when it was introduced to China in the eighth century?
Zhenyan ("true word" or "mantra").
66
How did Shingon Buddhism develop in Japan?
A monk studying in China introduced Zhenyan to Japan, where it became known as Shingon Buddhism and flourished.
66
What is the main belief in Shingon Buddhism?
Enlightenment consists in realizing that one's own buddha-nature is identical with Mahavairocana, the Great Sun Buddha, and this can be achieved in this life through esoteric teachings.
66
When and how was Zhenyan introduced to Korea?
Zhenyan was introduced to Korea during the same period it was introduced to Japan and became known as Milgyo. It maintained a distinctive identity until the 14th century.
66
What are the three main orders in Tibetan Buddhism?
The Gelugpa, Kargyu, and Karma-pa orders.
66
What role did Padmasambhava play in Vajrayana Buddhism in Tibet?
Padmasambhava, revered as Guru Rinpoche, combined dharma instruction with magical practices and is associated with the Nyingma school of Tibetan Buddhism.
66
What is Bon, and how did it interact with Buddhism in Tibet?
Bon is the indigenous religion of Tibet, focusing on guiding the soul to the afterlife. It interacted with Buddhism and elements of Bon survived, including the claim that it originated in a mythical region west of Tibet.
66
What unique text is part of Tibetan Buddhism, and what is its purpose?
The Tibetan Book of the Dead (Bardo Thodol), which provides instructions for the dying to achieve liberation during the bardo state between death and rebirth.
66
Where is Lhasa located and what are some important Buddhist sites there?
Lhasa is in the Tibetan Autonomous Region, China. Important sites include the Potala Palace, Jokhang Temple, and the Barkhor area.
66
Who was the first Dalai Lama to become both the spiritual and temporal leader of Tibet?
The fifth Dalai Lama, Ngawang Lobsang Gyatso.
66
What is the tradition of choosing a new Dalai Lama?
The new Dalai Lama is selected by signs, including intellectual qualities, personality characteristics, and by recognizing objects from the previous Dalai Lama’s belongings. The state oracle confirms the selection.
66
How is the process of liberation described in the Tibetan Book of the Dead?
The dying person encounters a brilliant light, and if they recognize it as the Dharma Body of Buddha, they achieve liberation. If not, they pass through further stages of rebirth.
66
What happened to the 14th Dalai Lama after the Chinese occupation of Tibet in 1959?
The Dalai Lama fled to Dharamsala, India, where he led the Tibetan government in exile.
66
What is the office of the Dalai Lama’s historic relationship to Mongolia and China?
The Mongols appointed the head of the Shakya monastery as viceroy for Tibet. Later, the Gelugpa sect became dominant in both Mongolia and Tibet, and the title Dalai Lama was bestowed by the Mongol ruler Altan Khan.
66
What did the fifth Dalai Lama do for Tibet’s political and spiritual leadership?
He established Tibet as a protectorate of the Qing dynasty, built the Potala Palace, and started diplomatic relations with China.
66
What is the controversy surrounding the Panchen Lama today?
The Dalai Lama and the Chinese government disagree on the identity of the legitimate Panchen Lama.
66
How does Chinese Buddhism adapt Buddhist ideas to align with indigenous teachings?
Chinese Buddhists harmonized Buddhist ideas with Daoism, adapting concepts like the afterlife and including savior figures such as Guan-yin and Dizang.
66
How did Buddhism impact Chinese Daoism and folk religion?
Buddhism introduced ideas of rebirth and the afterlife, influencing Daoist beliefs in retribution for good and evil and adding concepts of layered heavens and hells.
66
What social challenges did Buddhism face in China?
Buddhism’s monastic practices conflicted with Chinese values like ancestor veneration and family lineage. Monks were seen as a threat to state authority and social order due to their celibacy and landownership.
66
What happened in 845 in China?
The Chinese state launched a campaign of persecution against Buddhism, leading to the destruction of over 40,000 temples and the laicization of 260,500 monks and nuns.
66
How did the image of the bodhisattva Maitreya transform in China?
Maitreya transformed into Milo, a laughing monk with a potbelly who carried a hemp bag and was accompanied by children. He was seen as a figure of happiness, symbolizing children's joy and worldly prosperity.
66
What is the role of Milo in Chinese culture?
Milo is seen as a "Happy Buddha" who travels from village to village, giving presents to children, similar to Santa Claus. His image is still popular, especially in restaurants.
67
How did Buddhism spread to Korea?
Buddhism was introduced to Korea via China, starting in the northern kingdom of Koguryo and spreading to Paekche and Silla. It became most influential after Silla unified the country (668–935).
68
What were the major Buddhist schools introduced to Korea during the Silla period?
The Theravada tradition of the vinaya, the Faxiang (Yogacara) school, and the Chan (Seon) school.
69
Who was the monk Wonhyo, and what did he contribute to Korean Buddhism?
Wonhyo (617–686) sought to harmonize the various Buddhist doctrinal trends of his time, arguing that they together represented one whole truth and the world itself is in everlasting Enlightenment.
70
What is the significance of Chinul in Korean Buddhism?
Chinul (1158–1210) unified various Buddhist schools to form the Jogye sect, which became the orthodox form of Buddhism in Korea.
71
How did the Yi dynasty (1392–1910) affect Buddhism in Korea?
The Yi dynasty promoted Confucianism as the state ideology, leading to the restriction of Buddhist practices, confiscation of temple properties, and the reduction of Buddhist monks.
72
What is Won Buddhism?
A modernized form of Buddhism founded in the early 20th century in Korea, focusing on social service, modern translations of sutras, and allowing monks to marry. It uses an image of a black circle on a white background for meditation.
73
What is the Seventeen-Article Constitution?
A set of moral guidelines for Japan’s ruling class issued by Prince Shotoku in 604, which emphasized harmony and reverence for the Three Gems, extolling the value of Buddhism and Confucianism.
73
How was Buddhism introduced to Japan?
Buddhism was introduced to Japan in the mid-sixth century from Korea, with early support from the regent Prince Shotoku, who issued the Seventeen-Article Constitution in 604.
74
How has Buddhism influenced culture in East Asia?
Buddhism's influence is widespread, and its cultural expressions include architecture like stupas and pagodas, along with memorial sites and practices like circumambulation.
75
What are stupas, and how are they related to the Buddha?
Stupas are memorial structures built to enshrine the Buddha's cremated remains or sacred objects. They became a common form of Buddhist memorial across Asia.
76
How did the stupa design evolve over time?
Initially, stupas were burial mounds, but over time, they became more elaborate structures, especially in East Asia, where they evolved into multi-storied pagodas symbolizing the heavens.
77
What is the symbolic meaning of the pagoda in East Asia?
The pagoda symbolizes the various levels of heaven, with its stories representing the levels of heaven as depicted in the wooden disks of the original Indian stupas.
77
What is the significance of the pole in the stupa or pagoda structure?
The pole represents Mount Meru, a cosmic mountain in Indian mythology, and it is associated with the upper reaches of the heavens, symbolizing the axis of the universe.
78
What is the role of small stupas in Buddhist temples?
Small stupas are built as memorial crypts for important Buddhists and add to the spiritual atmosphere of the temple. They are often used for merit-making practices.
79
What is the tradition of building temporary stupas in Myanmar?
Devout Buddhists in Myanmar sometimes build temporary stupas out of sand or other materials as an act of devotion, with the merit coming from the state of mind during construction rather than the stupa's permanence.
80
How did pagodas change from stupas in East Asia?
Pagodas evolved from stupas into elegant, multi-storied towers, exaggerating the "heavenly section" of the original stupa and becoming dominant in East Asian Buddhist architecture.
81
How did Buddhist monasteries originate?
They originated as simple refuges, often thatched huts, for monks during the rainy season. Over time, wealthy patrons funded the construction of permanent temple complexes.
82
What are the key components of a traditional Buddhist temple complex?
A typical complex includes a stupa, temple, Bodhi tree, dharma hall, monastery, library, refectory, and is surrounded by an ornamental wall with elaborate entrances.
83
How were early cave temples modeled?
They were modeled after the simple huts used by early monks during the rainy season for study and meditation.
84
What architectural style influenced Buddhist temples during the Gupta period?
They adopted the rectangular shape and architectural features of contemporary Hindu temples.
85
How did early Buddhists adopt local temple practices?
Early Buddhists placed flowers on altars, near the stupa, or at the base of the Bodhi tree, and said prayers expressing dedication to living according to the dharma.
86
How did cliffside cave complexes evolve in India?
They included essentials like separate caves for shrines, living areas, and dharma halls. This design spread to China and other regions, such as the Longmen caves.
86
What role did Buddhist caves play during George W. Bush's presidency?
The Taliban's destruction of colossal cliffside bodhisattva images in Afghanistan in 2001 gained popular support for the U.S. invasion.
87
When were the first images of the Buddha created?
The first images were created around the first century CE, influenced by the devotional aspects of Mahayana Buddhism.
88
What are common symbols used in Buddhist art before the Buddha's image was depicted?
Symbols included the stupa, footprint, Wheel of the Law, Bodhi tree, and an empty seat.
89
What are the major signs of Shakyamuni Buddha in Buddhist iconography?
Major signs include the usnisa (protuberance on the head), elongated earlobes, wheel images on the soles of his feet, and fingers of equal length.
90
How is the Buddha depicted in Chinese art?
The Buddha is shown surrounded by disciples like an emperor, often flanked by Kashyapa and Ananda, with bodhisattvas, Arhats, and the Four World Protectors standing guard.
91
What stories are commonly illustrated in Buddhist art?
Scenes from the Buddha's life and Jataka tales (stories of the Buddha's previous lives) are commonly depicted.
91
What is a key example of ancient stupa art?
The great stupa at Sanchi, surrounded by ornamental fences carved with Jataka tales and scenes from the Buddha's life.
92
How did Buddhist art evolve as it spread?
Other cultures developed distinct iconography, such as the feminine form of Guanyin in East Asia and the pensive Maitreya in Korea and Japan.
93
How is Zen influence seen in Japanese art and culture?
It is reflected in minimalist painting, raked-sand gardens, the tea ceremony, and flower arranging for altars and ceremonies.
94
What is an example of Zen temple architecture in Japan?
Ryoanji in Kyoto, known for its raked-sand garden.
95
When did Buddhism begin to decline in India?
It started declining in the 7th century CE due to the loss of royal patronage and lay support, as Hinduism absorbed Buddhist elements and Muslim armies overran the northwest.
96
What happened to Buddhist monasteries in India?
They were abandoned or repurposed by other traditions. Some famous Buddhist scholar-monks migrated to Tibet as great universities like Nalanda declined.
97
Who was Dr. B. R. Ambedkar and what role did he play in Buddhism's revival?
Dr. Ambedkar was the lead author of the Indian constitution and an advocate for Dalit rights. He rejected Hinduism due to its caste discrimination and converted to Buddhism, inspiring mass conversions among Dalits.
98
What is the estimated range of Buddhist adherents in Japan?
Between 83.1 million and more than 100 million.
98
Why did Ambedkar choose Buddhism for Dalits?
He saw Buddhism as a spiritual path compatible with Indian culture that upheld the equality of all humans, regardless of birth status.
99
Why are the numbers of adherents to Japanese religions difficult to determine accurately?
Because most Japanese religions are complementary rather than exclusive, participation numbers may reflect periodic participation rather than ongoing membership.
100
What is the estimated range of Shinto adherents?
Estimates range from 3.5 million to over 100 million if annual New Year’s visits to shrines are counted.
100
How many adherents of “new” religions exist worldwide?
Between 10 and 30 million.
101
How many Christians are there in Japan?
Just under 1 million.
101
Where are Buddhism, Shinto, and “new” religions practiced?
They are practiced in every part of Japan and overseas communities.
102
How many Buddhist temples and Shinto shrines exist in Japan?
Approximately 75,000 Buddhist temples and more than 80,000 Shinto shrines.
103
Does Shinto have a founder?
No, Shinto is an ethnic religion with no founder.
104
Who are some important founders of new Buddhist schools?
Saicho (Tendai), Kukai (Shingon), Eisai (Rinzai Zen), Dogen (Soto Zen), Honen (Pure Land), Shinran (True Pure Land), and Nichiren (Nichiren).
105
Who is promoted as the supreme deity in Shinto?
Amaterasu, the sun goddess, because of her affiliation with the imperial household.
106
What type of deities does Shinto have?
Shinto has a vast number of deities, many specific to local communities.
106
Who is one of the most widely recognized Shinto deities?
Hachiman, associated with military valor.
107
Who are the primary deities in Buddhism?
The Medicine Buddha, the cosmic Buddha, Amida (the Buddha of the Pure Land), and various bodhisattvas.
107
What are the primary texts for Shinto?
The Kojiki (Record of Ancient Matters) and the Nihon Shoki.
108
Do Buddhist denominations and “new” religions have their own texts?
Yes, each has its own primary texts.
109
Question: What is the focus of Shinto rituals?
Promoting stabilization and reciprocity with natural forces, as well as sincerity and purity.
110
What role do priests play in Shinto rituals?
They conduct rituals emphasizing the power of performance and propriety.
111
What themes were connected with Shinto starting in the 1880s?
Imperial tradition and nationalism.
112
What are some key teachings of Buddhist denominations?
These include secrets about reality, universal salvation through faith, the perfection of the Lotus Sutra, and the necessity of memorial rites for ancestral spirits.
112
How did early Japanese religions interact with natural forces and spirits?
Early clans developed reciprocal relationships with deities of the natural world and ancestral spirits, offering petitions and rituals for blessings.
112
What happens when harmony between humans and spirits is disturbed?
Rituals are renewed to restore balance.
113
How have Shinto and Buddhism evolved over time?
Shinto has undergone transformations, some as recently as 150 years ago, and Buddhism continually reinvents itself to maintain support.
114
How are modern Buddhist temples adapting to changing times?
Nearly every temple has a homepage, and many priests use social media to connect with parishioners.
115
What challenges do religious traditions face with younger generations?
Younger generations are often skeptical of religion and may not develop affiliations with local temples.
116
What is the “rousing drum” festival?
It’s a festival in Furukawa where a large drum is carried through the streets and “attacked” by teams with smaller drums, representing community spirit and releasing social tensions.
117
What challenges do participants face during the “rousing drum” festival?
Carrying the heavy platform, defending it from attacks, and dealing with injuries or property damage.
118
What is a common visual element at Japanese funerals?
A portrait of the deceased, surrounded by offerings and flowers.
118
How is a Japanese funeral typically conducted?
With precision and rituals, often in a hall with decorations like white chrysanthemums, candles, and food offerings resembling a Buddhist altar.
119
c. 8000 BCE
What characterized the hunter-gatherers of this period?
Sophisticated cord-pattern pottery, arrowheads, and human figures with possible religious significance.
120
c. 450–250 CE
What did immigration from north Asia introduce during this period?
New technology, cultural forms, language, and religious rituals.
121
c. 250–600
What is significant about the Kofun period?
Rulers were interred in massive burial mounds with grave goods and clay models, indicating complex hierarchies.
122
538
What major religious shift occurred in 538?
Introduction of Buddhism and the dominance of the Yamato clan.
123
710–794
What was the capital city during the Nara period?
Heijōkyo (present-day Nara).
123
712
What is the Kojiki, compiled in 712?
A text used to legitimate imperial rule and aristocratic privileges.
123
600s
What did rulers begin referring to themselves as during this time?
“Heavenly sovereign” (tenno).
123
594
Who promoted Confucian principles alongside Buddhism?
Prince” Shotoku.
123
720
What significant text was compiled in 720?
Nihon Shoki.
124
752
What major Buddhist landmark was dedicated in 752?
The Tōdai-ji temple and its Great Buddha image.
124
785
Who founded the Tendai sect in 785?
Saichō.
125
794–1184
What marked the start of the Heian period?
Moving the capital city to Heian-kyō (Kyoto).
126
834
Who established the Shingon sect and where?
Kūkai on Mount Kōya.
126
1039
What led to rivalry among Buddhist sects?
Tendai monks attacked rival sects' monasteries.
127
1052
What marks the “Final Decline of the Buddhist Dharma”?
Fires, famines, earthquakes, wars, and pestilence.
128
1175
What Buddhist movement began in 1175?
Hōnen’s propagation of “Pure Land” Buddhism.
129
1185–1333
What characterized the Kamakura period?
The dominance of the samurai class and moving the capital to Kamakura.
130
1200
Who established the Rinzai Zen school?
Eisai, with samurai support.
130
1233
What Buddhist sect did Dōgen establish?
Sōtō Zen school.
131
1253
What sect centered on the Lotus Sutra?
Nichiren’s sect.
132
1254
Who introduced “True Pure Land” Buddhism?
Hōnen’s disciple Shinran.
132
1274, 1281
What natural phenomenon thwarted Mongol invasions?
Violent storms called “divine winds” (kamikaze).
133
1430–1500
What marked this period of social disorder?
Fires, famine, epidemics, and the Ōnin War (1467).
134
1474–1550
What movement spread among peasants during this period?
The True Pure Land protest movement.
135
1542
What significant change occurred in Shinto practices in 1542?
Systematization of Shinto shrines via the Yoshida clan.
136
1549
Who introduced Christianity to Japan?
Jesuit Francis Xavier.
137
1600
What marked the centralization of political power?
The military regimes of Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and Tokugawa Ieyasu.
138
1633
What was the Tokugawa clan’s policy regarding trade?
The country was closed to outside trade.
139
1637–1638
What rebellion led to the banning of Christianity?
The Shimabara rebellion.
140
1700s
What intellectual movement challenged Buddhist dominance?
The rise of Neo-Confucian teachings.
141
1730s
What significant pilgrimage began during this period?
The first major commoner pilgrimage to Ise Grand Shrines.
