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ELEC1900 - Physical electronics 1 > Magnetic Materials > Flashcards

Magnetic Materials Flashcards

1
Q

What is the symbol and definition for a magnetic dipole moment?

A

> Symbol: μm
A magnetic dipole moment is a vector for the direction and magnitude of magnetism produced by a very small current loop

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2
Q

What is the equation for a magnetic dipole moment? What are all the symbols?

A 
μm = I × A × μn
> μm = Magnetic dipole moment
> I = Current
> A = Area
> μn = Unit vector perpendicular to loop
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3
Q

What will happen do the magnetic dipole moment when placed in a magnetic field?

A

The magnetic dipole moment will align with the magnetic field

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4
Q

How can the small current loop inside a material be described as?

A

A small bar magnet

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5
Q

What is a good example of a small current loop?

A

An atoms electrons and their spin

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6
Q

What happens in an atom that causes a NET magnetic moment

A

> Electrons spinning cause a magnetic moment to be produced.
Because electrons are usually paired and spin in opposite directions this causes the magnetic moment s to cancel out.
A net magnetic moment is produced when there is an unpaired electron around an atom

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7
Q

What is the equation for the magnetic moment caused by an electron?

A

μ[el] = μ[spin] + μ[orb]

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8
Q

What is the equation and the symbols for the magnetic field strength in the solenoid?

A 
B0 = μ0 × n × I
B0 = Magnetic field strength
μ0 = Permeability of free space
n = Number of turns per unit length
I = Current
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9
Q

What happens to the magnetic field strength of a solenoid when a material is placed inside the loop?

A

The magnetic field strength changes from B0 to B

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10
Q

What is the vector M?

A

> The total magnetic dipole moment per unit of volume.

> Also known as the magnetisation vector

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11
Q

What is the equation for the magnetisation vector?

A

M = n[at] × μ[av]

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12
Q

How is the magnetisation vector similar to polarisation?

A 
M = n[at] × μ[av]
P = n[at] × p[av]
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13
Q

What is the equation for the total magnetic moment?

A 
μ[tot] = M × Az
M = Magnetic moment per unit volume
A = Area
z = Length
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14
Q

What is the other equation for the total magnetic moment?

A 
μ[tot] = I[m] × n × z × A
I[m] = Current on the surface
n = Number of turns per unit length
A = Area
z = Length
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15
Q

What is the equation for the magnetisation vector?

A

M = n × I[m]

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16
Q

What is the equation for the magnetic field inside a solenoid when a material has been added? What does this show?

A

> B = B0 + μ0M

> The material in the field contributes to the magnitude of the magnetic field strength

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17
Q

What is an equation for the magnetic field inside a solenoid when there is a material added with regards to the currents for these materials?

A

B = μ0 × n × ( I + I[m] )

18
Q

What is magnetic field intensity?

A

This is the contribution of the solenoid to the overall magnetic field divided by the permeability of free space

19
Q

What are the equations for magnetic field intensity? (3)

A

H = nI
H = B0/μ0
(B - μ0×M) / μ0 = H

20
Q

How does it all work with the solenoid and magnetic material inside?

A

The solenoid induces a magnetic field inside the material which causes all the magnetic dipole moments to align which further increases the magnetic field

21
Q

How can the relationship with the magnet field intensity be related to the magnetic dipole moment per unit volume?

A 
M = χm × H
M = Magnetisation vector
H = Magnetic field intensity
χm = Magnetic suceptability
22
Q

What is the magnetic susceptibility?

A

This is how well the material accepts the magnetic field

23
Q

What is the exceptions for magnetic susceptibility?

A

Ferromagnetic materials

24
Q

How is the relative permeability related to the magnetic susceptibility?

A

μr = 1 + χm

25
What is a diamagnetic material?
> This is a material with a small and Negative value of magnetic susceptibility (χm) > Reduces the magnetic field within the solenoid because it is expelling it
26
4-5 Marks on a diamagnetic material
> Small and Negative value of magnetic susceptibility (χm) > Try to reduce the change of the magnetic field > The magnetisation vector is in the opposite direction to H; the magnetising field > Material trying to expel the magnetic field > When placed in a non-uniform magnetic field, it will tend to move in to an area of lower magnetic field strength. > Material examples > Atoms with closed shells > Organic polymers > Covalently bonded solids > Copper, Gold etc > No permanent magnetic dipole moment > Its properties are not affected by temperature. Except superconductors
27
What is a paramagnetic material?
> This is a material with a small and Positive value of magnetic susceptibility (χm) > Increases the magnetic field within the solenoid > Atoms have a magnetic moment
28
4-5 Marks on a para magnetic material
> Atoms have a net magnetic dipole moment due to an unpaired electron > Each magnetic moment is independent on it neighbours > The directions of these magnetic dipole moments will be scattered but when placed in a magnetic field they will align with it > This increases the magnetic field of solenoid. > Increasing temperature of the material will make it worse at increasing the magnetic field because the increased energy will scatter the magnetic dipole moments because the atoms will move more so less will align and more will cancel each other out > This follows the curie temperature equation: χm=C(T-T_c) > Small positive magnetic susceptibility (χ_m) > It will move towards the regions of higher magnetic field > Attracted > Material examples > Oxygen (Liquid or gas) > Ferromagnetic materials > Antiferromagnetic materials > Ferrimagnetic materials
29
What is the curie temperature equation?
``` χm = C ( T - Tc ) C = Curie coefficient Tc = Curie temperature ```
30
What is a ferromagnetic material?
> A special type of paramagnetic material | > Large magnetic moment in the absence of a magnetic field
31
4-5 Marks on a ferromagnetic material
> A special type of paramagnetic material > Large magnetic moment in the absence of a magnetic field > Magnetic susceptibility (χm) is positive and VERY large and depends on the applied magnetic field intensity > The relationship between M and H is very non-linear with magnetisation saturating at high fields > All atoms and their neighbours align with each other. Due to quantum mechanics. They are not independent of their neighbors. Even at low temperatures they will align. > At very high temperatures it will become paramagnetic because this alignment will be disrupted. T> T_c. They are therefore temperature dependent > Maximum magnetization occurs when all the possible magnetic moments have been aligned > Maximum magnetization is called saturation magnetization > As the temperature increases, more lattice vibrations occur and disrupt the alignment of spins so magnetization falls > At a high temperature (curie temperature), the thermal energy is larger than the exchange interaction energy (which aligns the spins) and this will cause it to act paramagnetically
32
What is domain behaviour?
This is the way that a ferromagnetic material may have no net magnetic field and also how the magnetic field of a ferromagnet can be changed
33
Describe how domain behaviour works?
> The ferromagnetic material is split into different sections called domains. > In each domain the direction of the magnetic dipole moments of all the atoms in that domain may be different from neighbouring domains. > This can cause domains to cancel out and so no magnetic field can be seen.
34
How can applying an increasing magnetic field to a ferromagnetic material change its domain? (4 steps)
1. Low magnetic field - The domain moves slightly (This is reversable) 2. Medium Low magnetic field - The domain moves suddenly and irreversibly changing the domains shapes (jerk) 3. Medium High magnetic field - The domain will align in the easy direction 4. High magnetic field - The materials magnetic dipoles will allign with the magnetic field
35
What will happen to the ferromagnetic material after a High magnetic field has changed the domain to align with it and is then removed?
The domain will align with the easy direction and stay there
36
How will the ferromagnetic material be returned to its original domains?
A high magnetic field in the reverse direction is required
37
How can a high magnetic field in the reverse direction alter the domain of a ferromagnetic material?
> It can return the material to its original domain or it can go so far as to align the domain in the opposite direction
38
What is the graph called for changing the domain of a ferromagnetic material?
Hysteresis loop
39
What are the properties of a soft ferromagnetic material?
``` > Easy to magnetize and demagnetize > Require little energy to change them > Used when magnetization needs to change quickely > They need to be highly resistive > Amorphous magnetics are good choices ```
40
What are the properties of a hard ferromagnetic material?
``` > Hard to magnetize and demagnetize > Generally used in permanent magnets > Often made by compacting powders together > E.g. ceramic magnets > Used in magnetic storage ```

ELEC1900 - Physical electronics 1 (9 decks)

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