magnet science quiz Flashcards
Prokaryotic Cells
Cells with no nucleus or membrane-encased organelles
Eukaryotic Cells
Cells with a membrane-encased nucleus
Diffusion
the tendency of solute molecules to move from an area of higher concentration towards an area of lower concentration until both concentrations are equal
Osmosis
the movement of a solvent across a boundary in order to equalize the concentration of a solute that is unable to move across the boundary
huntington’s disease
a rare, inherited disease that causes the progressive breakdown (degeneration) of nerve cells in the brain. causes mood swings, forgetfulness, slurred speech, depression, etc.
Is huntington’s disease dominant or recessive?
Dominant
The gene that causes Huntington’s disease is called…
Huntingtin. A mistake in this gene causes people to develop the disease.
Transcription is…
The process by which DNA is copied to RNA
Translation is…
The process by which RNA is used to produce proteins
What does the letter A (adenine) in a DNA sequence become when the DNA sequence becomes RNA?
U
What does the letter C (cytosine) in a DNA sequence become when the DNA sequence becomes RNA?
G
What does the letter G (guanine) in a DNA sequence become when the DNA sequence becomes RNA?
C
What does the letter T (thymine) in a DNA sequence become when the DNA sequence becomes RNA?
A
What does CRISPR stand for?
clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
What is CRISPR?
Technology that can be used to edit genes. This is done with RNA and the Cas9 gene, which can bind to and mutate a DNA sequence that matches the guide RNA sequence.
Connective Tissue
Tissue made up of cells, fibers, and a gel-like substance, that supports, protects, and gives structure to other tissues and organs in the body.
Loose connective tissue
Holds organs in place and attaches epithelial tissue to other underlying tissues. provide support, flexibility, and strength required to support internal organs and structures such as blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves.
Dense connective tissue
Help attach muscles to bones and link bones together at joints. Forms a protective capsule layer around organs such as the liver and kidneys.
Specialized connective tissue
Different tissues with specialized cells and unique ground substances. For example, cartilage (provides support for certain body parts), adipose tissue (stores fat), bones, and blood.
Voluntary tissue
Muscles that contract and relax under conscious control, meaning that a person can control its movement (for example, someone moving their arm)
Involuntary tissue
Muscles that contract and move without conscious control, such as the lungs or heart.
Dominant Trait
A trait that needs only one copy of the gene to be part of a person’s phenotype
Recessive Trait
A trait that needs both alleles present in order to be part of a person’s phenotype
Characteristics of living things
Responsiveness to the environment Growth and change Ability to reproduce Have a metabolism and respirate Maintain homeostasis Is made of cells Passing traits onto offspring
All plants…
Are multicellular, have a cell wall, don’t move, use photosynthesis, store their food as starch
Plant cells have…
A cell wall, chloroplast, and vacuoles
Parts of a plant
Roots, stem, leaves, flowers
Achondroplasia
A dominant disorder caused by mutations in the FGFR3 gene that affects cartilage formation, causing abnormally-sized limbs.
How many sets of chromosomes does someone have?
23
The complete set of genes in an organism
Genome
A microarray:
Analyzes genes to detect genetic disorders
How long does the spontaneous breaking down of sucrose take?
About one week
A disaccharide is:
Sugars whose molecules contain two monosaccharides
Enzymes are made up of:
Proteins
Proteins are made up of:
Amino acids
Sucrase is:
An enzyme that breaks down sucrose in one second
Iron helps with:
Carrying oxygen to the blood
The circulatory system is made up of:
The heart and blood vessels that carry blood to and from the heart
The circulatory system also carries:
Oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells
Steps of digestion?
Ingestion, motility (moving food through the esophagus, stomach, intestines, and out of the body), mechanical digestion (breaking down food particles), chemical digestion (using water and enzymes to break down complex molecules), absorption (food products being absorbed into the bloodstream), and defecation
Organs involved in the digestive system
mouth, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, large intestine and anus
Body Systems
integumentary system, skeletal system, muscular system, respiratory system, digestive system, nervous system, and cardiovascular system
Integumentary System
the set of organs forming the outermost layer of an animal’s body.
What is the function of the integumentary system?
body temperature regulation, cell fluid maintenance, synthesis of Vitamin D, and detection of stimuli.
Parts of the integumentary system
Skin, hair, nails, glands (such as sweat, sebaceous, ceruminous, and mammary glands), sensory nerves, epidermis (outermost layer of skin), dermis (layer of skin below the epidermis), hypodermis (bottom layer of skin)
Skeletal System
your body’s central framework that consists of bones and connective tissue, including cartilage, tendons, and ligaments.
Functions of the skeletal system
gives the body its shape, allows movement, makes blood cells, provides protection for organs and stores minerals.
Parts of the skeletal system
Skull, humerus (upper arm), radius (lower arm), ulna (wrist), femur (thigh), fibula (outer shin), ribs, spine, pelvis, tibia (inner shin)
Muscular System
The muscular system is an organ system consisting of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. It permits movement of the body, maintains posture, and circulates blood throughout the body.
Functions of the muscular system
Movement
Parts of the muscular system
skeletal muscle, cardiac or heart muscle, and smooth (non-striated) muscle
Respiratory System
the network of organs and tissues that help you breathe
Functions of the respiratory system
move fresh air into your body while removing waste gases
Parts of the respiratory system
nose, mouth, throat, voice box, windpipe, and lungs
Functions of the cardiovascular system
Its primary function is to transport nutrients and oxygen-rich blood to all parts of the body and to carry deoxygenated blood back to the lungs
Parts of the cardiovascular system
heart, veins, arteries, and capillaries
Nervous system
system that coordinates actions and sensory information by transmitting signals to and from different parts of the body.
Functions of the nervous system
The nervous system transmits signals between the brain and the rest of the body, including internal organs. In this way, the nervous system’s activity controls the ability to move, breathe, see, think, and more.
What is a neuron?
a nerve cell, the basic unit of the nervous system
Parts of the nervous system
Brain, spinal cord, and neurons
Sickle cell anemia
A recessive disorder caused by mutations in the HBB gene that cause red blood cells to become misshapen and break down, resulting in pain, low oxygen, swelling, or yellowing of the skin, eyes, and mouth.
Prophase
the first phase of mitosis, in which DNA and proteins condense
Prometaphase
the second phase of mitosis, in which the nuclear envelope breaks down
Metaphase
the third phase of mitosis, in which genetic material becomes chromosomes
Anaphase
the fourth phase of mitosis, in which chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell
Telophase
the fifth phase of mitosis, in which chromosomes arrive at the cell poles, the mitotic spindle disassembles, and vesicles assemble around two sets of chromosomes
Cytokinesis
the sixth phase of mitosis, in which the parent cell splits
Hydroponics
Growing plants without soil, using water-based nutrient solutions as a substitute
Aquaponics
Growing fish and plants together, with the fish providing nutrients in the water for the plants.
Parts of a cell
nucleus (sends out messages to the cell), plasma membrane (separates cells from each other), cytoplasm (surrounds the nucleus), lysosomes and peroxisomes (enzymes that break down molecules or toxic materials), cytoskeleton (maintains cell shape and allows certain cells to move), mitochondria (turns energy from food into ATP that can power the cell), and ribosomes (translate RNA into protein)
How can electrons of atoms form bonds?
Electrons can be shared between multiple atoms (which forms ionic bonds), or electrons can be transferred from one atom to another
Epithelial tissue
a type of body tissue that forms the covering on all internal and external surfaces of your body, lines body cavities and hollow organs and is the major tissue in glands
functions of epithelial tissue
protection, secretion, absorption, excretion, filtration, diffusion, and sensory reception.
cellular respiration
the process of a cell converting energy from oxygen or nutrients into ATP energy and then releasing water and carbon dioxide as byproducts
glycolysis
the first step of cellular respiration, in which glucose is converted into pyruvic acid
transition reaction
the second step of cellular respiration, in which the two pyruvate molecules are converted into two molecules of the acetyl Coenzyme A and 2 molecules of carbon dioxide.
the krebs cycle
the third step of cellular respiration, in which acetyl Coenzyme A is harnessed into NADH
electron transport chain
the fourth step of cellular respiration; uses protein complexes to create ATP in a system called oxidative phosphorylation
Asexual vs sexual reproduction
Asexual reproduction is done by individual organisms that produce offspring that are clones of themselves. To reproduce asexually, organisms do not need another organism to fertilize/pollinate/etc. Instead, asexual organisms just produce copies of themselves. However, sexual reproduction involves two different organisms to produce offspring that combines the traits of both parents.
steps of photosynthesis
- co2 and h2o enter the leaf
- light hits the plant
- the electrons move to enzymes
- the enzymes convert ADP to ATP and NADP to NADPH
- the ATP and NADPH help convert co2 into glucose
chromosomes
thread-like structures located inside the nucleus of animal and plant cells. Each chromosome is made of protein and a single molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
