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Madeira Flashcards

1
Q

Where is Madeira?

A

Subtropical island rising sharply from the Atlantic nearly 625 miles off the coast of Portugal

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1
Q

How did Madeira get its distinctive character?

A

lengthy ocean voyages through the tropics, where the wines would be subjected to repeated heating and cooling

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2
Q

Define torna viagem

A

“Round Trip” is approximated today by heating the wine during the production process

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3
Q

Where may Madeira be produced?

A

on Madeira itself, or on the neighboring Porto Santo

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4
Q

Define poios

A

Walls of basalt stone terraces which ring the island’s perimeter like steps on the nearly vertical mountainside.

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5
Q

What are some other agriculture crops grown on the fertile volcanic soils?

A

Grapevines, bananas, sugarcane, and even passion fruit vines

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6
Q

How are most of the vines trained on Madeira?

A

pergola system, with vines suspended on low trellises known as latadas, in order to combat the dangers of fungal disease in the damp subtropical environment

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7
Q

Define levadas

A

A series of canals which makes agriculture possible from the abundant rainfall

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8
Q

What is the average size of a grower’s estate on Madeira?

A

0.3 h often separated among several plots

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9
Q

Who oversees Madeira production and regulation?

A

the Wine, Embroidery and Handicraft Institute of Madeira (IVBAM)

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10
Q

What is Madeira’s capital?

A

Funchal

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11
Q

How many companies are registered with IVBAM?

A

Currently 8 production companies, but only 6 actively export wine

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12
Q

Who is the largest company today in Madeira?

A

Vinhos Justino Henriques, responsible for half of exports

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13
Q

Who is the second largest company today in Madeira?

A

The Madeira Wine Company, fromed in 1913 as an association of exporters and producers. (Blandy’s and Cossart Gordon)

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14
Q

Who is the largest independent company today in Madeira?

A

Henriques & Henriques

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15
Q

How many types of companies are involved in Madeira?

A

Production - make the wines & usually based in Funchal
Shipping - trade wine, bottle under their own brand & usually based in London
Partidistas - store wine & sell at maturity for profit

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16
Q

What is Broadbent Selections?

A

A company founded by Bartholomew Broadbent (son of Michael) that selects wines produced by Justino’s

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17
Q

Name all 8 Madeira producers?

A

H&H 1850
Pereira D’Oliveira 1850 as a partidista
Vinhos Justino Henriques 1870
H.M. Borges 1877
Madeira Wine Company 1913
Vinhos Barbeito 1946
Faria & Filhos 1949
Madeira Vintners (Cooperativa Agrícola do Funchal) 2013

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18
Q

What are the principal white grapes of Madeira?

A

Sercial, Boal, Verdelho, Malmsey

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19
Q

What accounts for nearly 85% of its total production of Madeira?

A

Tinta Negra (formerly known as Tinta Negra Mole) as of 2015 and may now appear on labels.

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20
Q

Regulations around labeling wine with a grape on Madeira?

A

min 85% of the stated grape if the wine is a multi-vintage blend, or 100% of the stated variety if a vintage is indicated.

21
Q

When did phylloxera reach Madeira? What other grapes were planted?

A

1872 - American hybrid grapes (Cunningham, Jacquet, Isabella, and others) were introduced to the island during the crisis

22
Q

What happened to red Bastardo and the white Terrantez?

A

When phylloxera came to Madeira, they were not replanted.
For red Bastrado in 2017, 314 liters were produced

23
Q

What amount of acerage is under vine currently for Madeira?

A

just under 500 ha, prior to the 1870s, as many as 3,000 ha. Bananas better cash crop now

24
Q

What is the order from sweetest to driest for the varietal Maderia wines?

A

Malvasia, Boal, Verdelho, and Sercial which is a piercingly acidic dry wine that can often require decades to soften

25
Q

What kind of wine does rare Terrantez produce?

A

level of sweetness comparable to Verdelho, unrelated to Torrontes

26
Q

What the typical harvest times for the varietal grapes? How are they fermented?

A

Sercial and Verdelho are harvested last, separated from their skins prior to fermentation. Boal and Malmsey are picked first, and may undergo a shorter fermentation on the skins

27
Q

How are fine wines fortified in Madeira?

A

With 96% abv grape spirit, imported from France, will occur during fermentation if a sweeter style is desired

28
Q

Define Estufagem process

A

modern heating methods that lend Madeira its distinctive character. May not be released until 2 years after harvest

29
Q

What is an estufa?

A

Stainless steel vat warms the wine by circulating hot water through serpentine coils inside the tank at 45-50° C (113-122°F) for at least 3 mon

30
Q

What is estágio?

A

A period of rest for a min 90 days before being transferred to cask for aging

31
Q

Define armazens de calor

A

A more delicate variation involves placing the wine in rooms warmed by nearby tanks or steam pipes rather than the direct heat up to 1 year. (pref by MWC)

32
Q

Define Canteiro method

A

the wines are cask-aged for a period of at least two years in lodge attics, gentler, natural warmth of the sun, much slower for the best wines.

33
Q

What is a negative outcome to the estufa process?

A

burnt caramelization of sugars and resulting bitter flavors associated with rapid heating

34
Q

What is Frasqueiras?

A

the best Vinhos de Canteiro will remain in cask for 20 years or more, developing into the rarest and most treasured

35
Q

Sercial

A

driest varietal, searing acidity over time youthful citrus notes evolve into a more complex almond bouquet, 18 to 65 g RS

36
Q

Verdelho

A

medium dry wine of high acid, with a smoky, honeyed character with a slightly fuller body with 49 to 78 g RS

37
Q

Boal

A

medium sweet, rich style of wine, in which the acidity is still powerful enough to dominate finish. Highly aromatic, tend to display classic chocolate, roasted nut, and coffee notes, darker in color with 78 to 96 g RS

38
Q

Malvasia (Malmsey)

A

sweetest and softest style, toffee, vanilla, and marmalade aromas with 96 to 135 g RS

39
Q

Rainwater Multi-Vintage Blends

A

popular style in the US, usually 100% Tinta Negra. Med dry, and light in style.

40
Q

Seleccionado Multi-Vintage Blends

A

often labeled “Finest,” “Choice,” or “Select,” blended wine that is at least 3 years old (but below 5 years of age)

Tinta Negra grape, heated in Estufagem and aged in tank rather than cask.

41
Q

Reserve (Reserva) Multi-Vintage Blends

A

Madeira that is 5 years of age or older (but below 10 years of age)

42
Q

Special Reserve (Reserva Especial) Multi-Vintage Blends

A

Madeira that is 10 years of age or older (but below 15 years of age) often made of a single noble variety, heated by the Canteiro method

43
Q

Extra Reserve Multi-Vintage Blends

A

Madeira that is 15 years of age or older (but below 20 years of age)

44
Q

List some of the age desiginations for Multi-Vintage Blends

A

5 Years Old, 10 Years Old, 15 Years Old, 20 Years Old, 30 Years Old, 40 Years Old, Over 50 Years Old

45
Q

Solera Multi-Vintage Blends

A

Produced by fractional blending and the Canteiro method. A max 10% may be drawn off each year, only 10 total additions may be made to each solera

46
Q

How are Solera’s dated?

A

with the starting date of the solera, but wines added may be older than the original wine—used to extend the lifespan of a particular vintage, when there was little or no wine to sell in the following year.

47
Q

Colheita (Harvest) with a Vintage Date

A

A single vintage (85% min) aged for a min 5 years prior to bottling. It may be a blend or a single varietal wine. Offers the consumer a “vintage”, but not allowed to say vintage on label

48
Q

Frasqueira with a Vintage Date

A

Min 20 years in cask, must be from a single “noble” variety, Canteiro method, may be aged additional in glass demijohns after cask

49
Q

Vinho da Roda/Vinho da Torno/Vinho da Volta with a Vintage Date

A

exceptional rarity, wines underwent an ocean journey across the equator.

Advanced; Fortified (5 decks)

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